Garrulax
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Garrulax is a genus of passerine birds in the laughingthrush family Leiothrichidae.
The genus Garrulax was erected by the French naturalist René Lesson in 1831.[2] The type species was designated in 1961 as Garrulax rufifrons Lesson, the rufous-fronted laughingthrush.[3][4]
The genus previously included more species. Following the publication of a comprehensive molecular phylogenetic study in 2018, Garrulax was split up and species were moved to the resurrected genera Ianthocincla and Pterorhinus.[5][6]
Garrulax species are heavily traded as songbirds. A survey of eight bird markets in Indonesia, carried out in 2014–2015, found 615 laughingthrushes of nine species openly for sale.[7] Much of the trade in these species in Indonesia is illegal and is pushing a number of these species towards extinction.[8] The Sumatran laughingthrush, for example, is in serious decline due to ongoing and uncontrolled illegal trade in bird markets on the islands of Java and Sumatra, and is increasingly found in international trade, though in lower numbers.[9]
Species
The genus contains the following 14 species:[6]
| Image | Common name | Scientific name | Distribution |
|---|---|---|---|
| File:Garrulax monileger 2 - Kaeng Krachan.jpg | Lesser necklaced laughingthrush | Garrulax monileger | Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cambodia, China, India, Laos, Myanmar, Nepal, Thailand, and Vietnam. |
| Rufous-fronted laughingthrush | Garrulax rufifrons | Java | |
| File:Garrulax leucolophus 170546920.jpg | White-crested laughingthrush | Garrulax leucolophus | India, Bangladesh, Nepal, Bhutan, Cambodia, Myanmar, Laos, China, Vietnam, and Thailand. |
| Black-hooded laughingthrush | Garrulax milleti | Laos and Vietnam | |
| File:Sumatran Laughingthrush RWD4.jpg | Sumatran laughingthrush | Garrulax bicolor | Sumatra |
| File:Garrulax strepitans - Mae Wong.jpg | White-necked laughingthrush | Garrulax strepitans | Yunnan, Laos, Myanmar and Thailand |
| Cambodian laughingthrush | Garrulax ferrarius | Cambodia | |
| Grey laughingthrush | Garrulax maesi | southern China | |
| Rufous-cheeked laughingthrush | Garrulax castanotis | China, Laos, and Vietnam | |
| File:0A2A3704 Sunda Laughingthrush.jpg | Sunda laughingthrush | Garrulax palliatus | Brunei, Indonesia, and Malaysia |
| File:Chinese Hwamei RWD.jpg | Chinese hwamei | Garrulax canorus | south-eastern and central China and in northern and central Vietnam and Laos |
| File:Garrulax taewanus, Taipei 1.jpg | Taiwan hwamei | Garrulax taewanus | Taiwan |
| File:Spot-breasted Laughingthrush - Thailand S4E9232 (19483012432).jpg | Spot-breasted laughingthrush | Garrulax merulinus | Yunnan, Northeast India, Laos, Myanmar, north-west Thailand, and northern Vietnam |
| File:Garrulax annamensis 105771895.jpeg | Orange-breasted laughingthrush | Garrulax annamensis | Vietnam |
References
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- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Leiothrichidae". aviansystematics.org. The Trust for Avian Systematics. Retrieved 2023-07-15.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Lesson, René (1831). Traité d'Ornithologie, ou Tableau Méthodique (in French). Vol. 1. Paris: F.G. Levrault. p. 647.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) - ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Ripley, Sidney Dillon (1961). Synopsis Birds of India and Pakistan. Bombay: Bombay Natural History Society. p. 380.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Mayr, Ernst; Paynter, Raymond A. Jr, eds. (1964). Check-List of Birds of the World. Vol. 10. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. p. 348.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Cibois, A.; Gelang, M.; Alström, P.; Pasquet, E.; Fjeldså, J.; Ericson, P.G.P.; Olsson, U. (2018). "Comprehensive phylogeny of the laughingthrushes and allies (Aves, Leiothrichidae) and a proposal for a revised taxonomy". Zoologica Scripta. 47 (4): 428–440. doi:10.1111/zsc.12296. S2CID 51883434.
- ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Gill, Frank; Donsker, David, eds. (2019). "Laughingthrushes and allies". World Bird List Version 9.1. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 16 January 2019.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Shepherd, Chris R.; Eaton, James A.; Chng, Serene C. L. (2016). "Nothing to laugh about – the ongoing illegal trade in laughingthrushes (Garrulax species) in the bird markets of Java, Indonesia". Bird Conservation International. 26 (4): 524–530. doi:10.1017/S0959270916000320. ISSN 0959-2709. S2CID 88722096.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Shepherd, Chris R. (2010). "Observations on trade in laughingthrushes ( Garrulax spp.) in North Sumatra, Indonesia". Bird Conservation International. 21 (1): 86–91. doi:10.1017/S0959270910000274. ISSN 0959-2709.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Heinrich, Sarah; Leupen, Boyd T.C.; Bruslund, Simon; Owen, Andrew; Shepherd, Chris R. (2021). "A case for better international protection of the Sumatran Laughingthrush (Garrulax bicolor)". Global Ecology and Conservation. 25 e01414. Bibcode:2021GEcoC..2501414H. doi:10.1016/j.gecco.2020.e01414. S2CID 234330951.
- Collar, N. J. & Robson C. 2007. Family Timaliidae (Babblers) pp. 70 – 291 in; del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A. & Christie, D.A. eds. Handbook of the Birds of the World, Vol. 12. Picathartes to Tits and Chickadees. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona.
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