Gavara
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Template:Short description Template:DMCA Gavara is a term used to refer to four distinct and completely unrelated communities in South India.
- Gavara is a trading community and is a sub-caste of Balija.[1] They have marriage relationship with the Balijas.[2] They are present in Tamil Nadu. Kavarai is the Tamil name for Balijas who have settled in Tamil Nadu and is the Tamilised rendition of Gavara.[3] The often use the title Naidu and Chetti.[4] The Telugu-speaking Gavara community of Tamil Nadu is related to Balijas.[5] Gavara Balijas are distinct from both Gavara Komatis and the Gavara caste of former Visakhapatnam district, Andhra Pradesh.
- Gavara is also the name of a Komati sub-caste.[6] They are a trading community. Gavara Komatis are distinct from Gavara-Balijas as well as the Gavara caste of former Visakhapatnam district.[7]
- Alternatively, Gavara is also the name of a small caste mostly present in former Visakhapatnam district (present-day Anakapalli and Visakhapatnam districts) and in some parts of the former Godavari districts of Andhra Pradesh.[8][9] They are not related to Gavara Balija caste. They are predominantly agriculturists and are also involved in petty trade.[8]
- Kavara (also known as Gavara) is a Tulu speaking caste mostly present in Ernakulam, Palakkad and Thrissur districts of Kerala.[10] They are classified as a Scheduled Caste in Kerala and Tamil Nadu.[11] They are not related to Gavara Balija caste.
Origins
Medieval history
The Gavara were a trading community of southern India and members of the Ayyavole guild.[12] They specifically worshipped the god Gavareswara[13] and were known for protecting the Vira Balanja Dharma.[14] According to historical inscriptions, the Gavaras were the lords of Ayyavalipura.[15] Similarly, the Dalavay Agraharam Plates of Venkata I bestow the title lord of Ayyavalipura ('Lords of the town of Ayyavole') upon Virappa Nayaka, the grandson of Madurai ruler Viswanatha Nayak.[16] Consequently, these records firmly demonstrate that the Gavara Nayakas ruled the Madurai region.[17] The lords of Ayyavolu were called Vira- Balanjas.[18] The term Vira-balija in Telugu, Vira-Banajiga in Kannada and Vira-Valanjiyar in Tamil, all of them mean valiant merchants.[19] and their capital was at Ayyavole or Aihole in Bijapur district of Karnataka.[20]
Dynasties
Some Gavara families were appointed to supervise provinces as Nayaks (governors, commanders) by the Vijayanagara kings,[21] some of which are:
The Madurai Nayaks belonged to the Kavarai community.[17] The Kaifiyat of the Karnataka Kotikam Kings (c. 1800–1804) notes that the dynasty's founder, Viswanatha Nayak, descended from a lineage of bangle traders.[22] As recorded in the 17th-century Tamil literary work Thondaimandala Sadhagam, members of the Kavarai community were historically traditional bangle traders.[23] Furthermore, according to the 1850 census report, the Kavarai community was the largest Telugu-speaking group in Madurai district.[24]
A 1556 A.D. inscription at the Tiruvannamalai Temple records that Timmappa Nayaka belonged to the Kavarai community and that his son, Sevappa Nayaka, was appointed ruler of the Thanjavur Nayak kingdom.[25]
The Thirukovilur Veerapandi Kari Varadaraja Perumal Temple inscription (A.D. 1568) mentions that the founder of the Gingee dynasty, Krishnappa Nayaka, belonged to the Kavarai community.[26] Furthermore, the Tamil Jains Kaifiyat states that the Gingee ruler, Venkatapati Nayaka, was also from Kavarai community.[27]
Notable people
Personalities from Tamil Nadu
- Vijayakanth, actor and politician[28]
- Parthiban, actor[29]
- Dhanush, actor[30]
- Mann Vasanai Pandiyan, actor[31]
- M. Vijay Balaji, Minister for Textiles[32]
- E. V. Velu, Former Minister for PWD[33]
- K. Pitchandi, Former Minister for Housing[33]
- Trichy R. Soundararajan, Former Minister for Health[33]
- D. Janardhanan, Former Minister for Milk and Animal Husbandry[33]
- G. Lakshmanan, Former Deputy Speaker of the Lok Sabha[34]
- Pattukkottai Alagiri, social reformer[35]
Personalities from Andhra Pradesh
- S. R. A. S. Appala Naidu, Former Minister for Fisheries and Ports[36]
- Dadi Veerabhadra Rao, Former Minister for Information & Public Relations[37]
- Konathala Ramakrishna, Former Minister for Commercial Taxes[38]
- Appala Narasimham, Former M.P. for Anakapalle[39]
- Beesetti Venkata Satyavathi, Former M.P. for Anakapalle
References
Page Template:Reflist/styles.css has no content.
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- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.P. R. G. Mathur, ed. (1994). Applied Anthropology and Challenges of Development in India. Punthi-Pustak. p. 341. ISBN 9788185094793.
Similarly too the Balija community, with two sub-divisions, Gajalu Balija and Gavara Balija, migrated originally from Tamil Nadu. The Balija Gavarai are popularly known as Naidus and the other as Chetties Valai Chatties, Chettiars. It is said that they originally spoke Telugu. They are mainly traders and jewellers.
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Pradip K. Bhowmick, ed. (2002). Man and Life. Vol. 28. Institute of Social Research and Applied Anthropology. p. 59.
Balija, a Telugu speaking migrant caste to Kerala, is segmented into two sub-castes, viz., Gavara Naidu and Gajaiu Balija (Vala Chetti).
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Alpana Pandey, ed. (2015). Medieval Andhra: A Socio-Historical Perspective. Partridge Publishing. p. 44. ISBN 9781482850178.
Balijas: Their main profession was and commerce. They added "Settis" to their names, which showed their supremacy over other castes in trade. The subsects of the Balijas indicate the professions pursued by them. some prominent subdivision were Gajula Balija, Gandhamvallu, Kavarai, etc.
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.P. R. G. Mathur, ed. (1994). Applied Anthropology and Challenges of Development in India. Punthi-Pustak. p. 341. ISBN 9788185094793.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.G. Karunanithi, ed. (1991). Caste and Class in Industrial Organisation. Commonwealth Publishers. p. 45. ISBN 9788171691425.
A section of the Naidu migrants in Tamilnadu call themselves Kavarais. They are included in the list of backward classes. They have marital relationship with the Balijas.
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- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Kumarasamy Rajaram, ed. (1982). History of Thirumalai Nayak. Ennes Publications. p. 82.
Kamma, Gavarai, Padma Velama and Kambalathar are the Telugu speaking communities. Gavarais are also called Balijas or bangle merchants. Kambalathars are called Tottiars ( those with a Kambalam or blanket ). The Kamma and the Gavarai topped the list as merchants and agriculturists par excellence. The Padma Velamas are good agriculturists.
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Mukund, Kanakalatha (1999). The Trading World of the Tamil Merchant: Evolution of Merchant Capitalism in the Coromandel. Orient Blackswan. p. 46. ISBN 978-81-250-1661-8.
Kavarai (the Tamil word for Balija merchants)
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Niels Brimnes, ed. (2019). Constructing the Colonial Encounter: Right and Left Hand Castes in Early Colonial South India. Routledge. p. 189. ISBN 9781136819209.
The deserters, who defined themselves as maga nadu tesattar, consisted of right hand castes and were headed by Vellalas and Tamilized Balijas, known as Kavarais.
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.R. Nagaswamy, ed. (1997). Studies in South Indian History and Culture. V.R. Ramachandra Dikshitar Centenary Committee. p. 321.
Turning now to another Telugu group, the Balijas, also called Kavarai, it appears that although this was a trading caste, members could also take to textile manufacture.
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Jawaharlal Nehru University. Centre for Historical Studies, ed. (1995). Studies in History. Vol. 11, 6. Sage. p. 8.
English trade in Madras, the much sought after, and obviously lucrative, exclusive contracts for trading with the English Company (both for supplying textiles and other goods and buying the European goods) had been cornered by the Right side merchants, especially the Balijas (often referred to as the Kavarai in Tamil).
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Ananda Ranga Pillai, John Frederick Price, ed. (1984). The Private Diary of Ananda Ranga Pillai, Dubash to Joseph François Dupleix, Governor of Pondicherry: A Record of Matters, Political, Historical, Social, and Personal, from 1736-1761. Vol. 2. Asian Educational Services. p. 67.
The Kavarais, known also as Balijas, are the trading caste of the Telugus, and belong to the right hand.
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.R. Roque, K. Wagner, ed. (2011). Engaging Colonial Knowledge: Reading European Archives in World History. Springer. p. 170. ISBN 9780230360075.
Within the right hand division the leading individuals were from the communities of Vellalas and Kavarais. The former constituted, as in other parts of Tamil Nadu, the established agricultural elite, while the latter were Telugu-speaking Balija Chetties, who had settled in Tamil country.
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Christopher John Baker, D. A. Washbrook, ed. (1976). South India: Political Institutions and Political Change. 1880-1940. Springer. p. 223. ISBN 978-1-349-02746-0.
Kavarai was merely the Tamil equivalent of the Telugu word Balija
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Venkatesa Iyengar, ed. (1932). The Mysore Tribes and Castes. Mittal Publications. p. 102.
In the Tamil Districts, Balijas are known as Kavarais
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Raju Kalidos, ed. (1976). History and Culture of the Tamils: From Prehistoric Times to the President's Rule. Vijay Publications. p. 239, 240.
Chief among the Telugu speaking communities in Tamilaham are the Kammavar, Kavarai or Balijas (bangle merchants), Uppuliya (salt merchants) , Seniya (textile workers), Tottiar or Kambalattar (those with a kambalam or blanket), Oddar, Sakkiliar (the menial jobbed), Dombas (acrobats) etc. The Kavarai and Kammavar topped the list as merchants and agriculturists par excellence. In contemporary times they take the name suffix like Naidu and Naicker. The Chettis and Komatis among the Telugu speaking were (and are) noted for their subtle and ingenious practices in trade.
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Baptist Missionary Review. Vol. 15. Methodist Publishing House. 1909. p. 441.
Among the Nayudus there is a class called Balijas in Telugu and Kavarais in Tamil, many of whom are addicted to drinking - so much so that there is a Telugu proverb that if you are born a Balija it is your prerogative to drink, or, as it is sometimes put, you cannot enjoy the Bavarian bottle unless you are born a Balija.
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.P. Rajaraman, ed. (1988). The Justice Party: A Historical Perspective, 1916-37. Poompozhil Publishers. p. 19.
The Balija Naidus, the chief Telugu trading caste were found scattered throughout the Presidency of Madras. In the Tamil districts they were known as Vadugan and Kavarais
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Kumarasamy Rajaram, ed. (1982). History of Thirumalai Nayak. Ennes Publications. p. 82.
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- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.David Arnold, ed. (1986). Police Power and Colonial Rule, Madras, 1859-1947. Oxford University Press. p. 114. ISBN 9780195618938.
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Vijaya, M.; Kanthimathi, S.; Srikumari, C. R.; Reddy, P. Govinda; Majumder, P. P.; Ramesh, A. (2007). "A Study on Tamil – Speaking Immigrants of Andhra Pradesh, South India" (PDF). International Journal of Human Genetics. 7 (4): 303–306. doi:10.1080/09723757.2007.11886010. S2CID 55044174.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Vijaya Ramaswamy, ed. (2017). Historical Dictionary of the Tamils. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 43. ISBN 9798216208211.
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- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.K. Ramachandra Murty, ed. (2001). Parties, Elections, and Mobilisation. Anmol Publications. p. 18. ISBN 9788126109791.
The Vysyas (Komati) are the most important traditional Telugu trading caste comprising 3 per cent of the State population. They are broadly divided into two endogamous sub-castes, viz., Gavara Komatis and Kalinga Komatis.
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.C. Dwarakanath Gupta, Sepuri Bhaskar, ed. (1992). Vysyas: A Sociological Study. Ashish Publishing House. p. 11. ISBN 9788170244509.
Komatis are mainly divided into two sections called Gavara and Kalinga
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Krishna Prakash Bahadur, ed. (1977). Caste, Tribes & Culture of India: Karnataka, Kerala & Tamil Nadu. Vol. 4. Ess Ess Publications. p. 16.
They are two main sections among the Komatis, namely the Gavara and the Kalinga
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Yandell, Keith E. Yandell Keith E.; Paul, John J. (19 November 2013). Religion and Public Culture: Encounters and Identities in Modern South India. Routledge. p. 35. ISBN 978-1-136-81801-1.
The main part of the Komati caste community in Masulipatnam were Gavara Komatis, one of the two main Komati groups on the Coromandel coast. The Gavara Komatis did not eat fish or meat.
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Census of India, 1961: Andhra Pradesh. Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India. 1962. pp. 7–9.
The two major sects among Komati caste are Gavara Komati and Kalinga Komati. The Gavara Komatis are strict vegetarians while the Kalinga Komatis are non-vegetarians.
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Ramendra Nath Nandi, ed. (2000). State Formation, Agrarian Growth, and Social Change in Feudal South India, C. AD 600-1200. Manohar Publishers & Distributors. p. 161. ISBN 9788173042904.
Gavara Komatis, who are a prominent section of the Telugu speaking merchant community.
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.A. Vaidehi Krishnamoorthy, ed. (1970). Social and Economic Conditions in Eastern Deccan from A.D. 1000 to A.D. 1250. p. 47.
The Gavaras, the Gavara Komatlu as they are called formed another community which claimed the status of Vaisyas.
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Kumar Suresh Singh, ed. (1992). People of India: Andhra Pradesh. Anthropological Survey of India. p. 1940. ISBN 978-81-7671-006-0.
The Gavara and Kalinga are the two main sections of the Komati. The Gavara Komati live far north of Vizianagaram.
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.K. N. M. Raju, ed. (1998). Family and Household Functions: A Demographic Study. Sunrise Publications. p. 209.
Gavara is an important subdivision of Komatis and these Gavaras are probably in reality Gavara Komati.
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.G. Sudharshan Reddy, ed. (1998). Caste Mobility in Andhra : A Study of Vaisya Mahasabha, 1907-1930. Vol. 59. Proceedings of Indian History Congress. p. 652.
The Komatis are, broadly divided into two sections called Gavara and Kalinga.
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.L. Krishna Anantha Krishna Iyer, ed. (1930). The Mysore Tribes and Castes. University of Mysore. p. 541.
There are three main groups among the Kōmatis which constitute practically different castes, without either commensality or inter marriage, namely, Gavara, Tuppada and Trai - Varnika.
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Journal of the Andhra Historical Research Society. Vol. 8. Andhra Historical Research Society. 1934. p. 138.
There are several sects amongst the Komatis - such as Yajna Komati, Gavara Komati, Kalinga Komati, Arava Komati, Neti Komati, Vidura Komati, Raipak Komati etc.
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.K. Ramachandra Murty, ed. (2001). Parties, Elections, and Mobilisation. Anmol Publications. p. 18. ISBN 9788126109791.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Tapper, Bruce Elliot (1987). Rivalry and Tribute: Society and Ritual in a Telugu Village in South India. Hindustan Publishing Corporation. ISBN 978-81-7075-003-1.
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- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Murthy, B. E. V. V. Narasimha (1989). Entrepreneurship in Small Towns. Mittal Publications. p. 91.
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- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. Vol. 65. 2006. p. 429.
The traditional and primary occupation of the gavara is agriculture. In recent times, a few have taken up business as their primary occupation. However, the major economic resource is land and the subsidiary sources are business and government employment. The majority of the gavara live in Visakhapatnam District.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Kapu, Gavara votes to determine Anakapalli assembly seat's fate". The Times of India. 2 April 2019. ISSN 0971-8257. Retrieved 10 June 2023.
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- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.K. S. Singh, ed. (1992). People of India: pt.1-3 Kerala. Vol. 27. Anthropological Survey of India. p. 596.
The Kavara also known as Gavara are distributed mainly in Ernakulam, Palakkad and Thrissur districts. The community perceives its distribution at medium range and its identification is at the regional level. Iyer (1981) writes that Kavara is a Tulu caste, found in the Chittur taluk of the Cochin State, who speak mutilated form of Tulu and make wicker work of all kinds. The Kavara still speak a mutilated form of Tulu language, called Kavara dialect with family members. With others they speak Malayalam.
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Nagendra Kr Singh, ed. (2006). Global Encyclopaedia of the South Indian Dalit's Ethnography. Global Vision Pub House. p. 340.
The Kavara, also known as Gavara, is a Tulu caste, found in the Chittur taluk of the Cochin State, who speak mutilated form of Tulu and make wicker work of all kinds. They belong to the Scheduled Castes.
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Ajit K. Danda, S. B. Chakrabarti, ed. (1989). L.K. Ananthakrishna Iyer: 125th Birth Anniversary Tribute. Ministry of Human Resource Development, Department of Culture, Government of India. p. 118.
Kavaras and Gavaras have been again listed as separate Scheduled Castes lifting the area restrictions within Kerala. As already mentioned that the Kavara / Gavaras subsist on basket making. They speak some kind of Tulu - Malayalam dialect.
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.David Levinson, ed. (1991). Encyclopedia of World Cultures: South Asia. G.K. Hall. p. 325.
Kavara A Tulu - speaking caste found in northern and central Kerala. They do wicker work
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.K. S. Singh, ed. (1992). People of India: pt.1-3 Kerala. Vol. 27. Anthropological Survey of India. p. 596.
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Kavara is one of those castes belonging to the sixty - eight Scheduled Castes of Kerala. They subsist on basket - making and are mainly found in the district of Palhgat.
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