Geras
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| Geras | |
|---|---|
Personification of Old age | |
| Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:InfoboxImage/data' not found. Geras, detail of an Attic red-figure pelike, c. 480–470 BC, Louvre | |
| Abode | Erebus |
| Parents | Nyx alone or Erebus and Nyx |
In Greek mythology, Geras (Template:Langx) is the god of old age. He was typically depicted as a tiny, shriveled old man. Gēras's opposite was Hebe, the goddess of youth. In Latin, he is referred to as Senectus.[1] He is known primarily from vase depictions that show him with the hero Heracles; the mythic story that inspired these depictions has been lost. Otherwise, Geras has a very limited role in both religion and mythology.
Etymology
The Greek word γῆρας (gĕras) means "old age" or in some other literature "dead skin" or "slough of a snake"; this word is the root of English words such as "geriatric" and "progeria".[2]
Mythology
According to Hesiod, Geras is one of the many sons and daughters that the night goddess Nyx produced on her own parthenogenetically.[3] However, later authors Hyginus and Cicero both add Erebus, Nyx's consort, as the father.[4][5]
In the myth of Tithonus, the mortal prince received immortality, but not agelessness, from the gods so when old age came to him he kept aging and shrinking but never dying. In the end his divine lover Eos turned Tithonus into a cicada.[6] In several ancient Greek vases Geras is depicted fighting Heracles, although no relevant written myth survives. Geras is presented as an old, wrinkled bald man begging for mercy.[7]
Philostratus claimed that the people of Gadeira set up altars to Geras and Thanatos.[8]
Function
Geras as embodied in humans represented a virtue: the more gēras a man acquired, the more kleos (fame) and arete (excellence and courage) he was considered to have. In ancient Greek literature, the related word géras (γέρας) can also carry the meaning of influence, authority or power; especially that derived from fame, good looks and strength claimed through success in battle or contest. Such uses of this meaning can be found in Homer's Odyssey, throughout which there is an evident concern from the various kings about the géras they will pass to their sons through their names.[9] The concern is significant because kings at this time (such as Odysseus) are believed to have ruled by common assent in recognition of their powerful influence, rather than hereditarily.[10][11]
Geras could refer to the treasure that was awarded during battles in Ancient Greece. After a battle, the victorious power would collect the captured gold, treasure, and other valuable artefacts. It would then be divided between the victors according to their timê or honour; the greater the honour, the greater the level of Geras that would be gained.
In Homer's Iliad, Agamemnon and Achilles fall out over a dispute of the return Chryses' daughter and taking Briseis in exchange (Book 1); Achilles sees Agamemnon taking his Gera as an affront to his pride and honour. Similarly, in many Hellenic cultures, it is customary to take the armour of a defeated enemy, a form of Gera, such as in Book 16 with Hector and Patroclus fighting over the body of Cebriones, son of Priam - King of Troy.
See also
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- Cumaean Sibyl
- Geras, Mortal Kombat character
- Elli, Norse personification of old age
- Gerascophobia
Notes
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- ^ Brill's New Pauly, s.v. Geras.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Definition of GERIATRIC". Merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 16 December 2021.
- ^ Hesiod, Theogony 225
- ^ Hyginus, Fabulae Preface
- ^ Cicero, De Natura Deorum 3.17
- ^ Homeric Hymn to Aphrodite 218 ff; Scholia on the Odyssey 5.1 Script error: No such module "webarchive".
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Williams, Mark E., M.D (June 22, 2016). The Art and Science of Aging Well: A Physician's Guide to a Healthy Body. University of North Carolina Press. p. 137. ISBN 9781469627403.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Philostratus, Life of Apollonius of Tyana 5.4
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."The Internet Classics Archive | The Odyssey by Homer". classics.mit.edu. Retrieved 2019-07-04.
- ^ For an example of this, see Homer, The Odyssey, 24.33-34
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Thomas, C. G. (1966). "The Roots of Homeric Kingship". Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte. 15 (4): 387–407. ISSN 0018-2311. JSTOR 4434948.
References
- Brill’s New Pauly: Encyclopaedia of the Ancient World. Antiquity, Volume 5, Equ-Has, editors: Hubert Cancik, Helmuth Schneider, Brill, 2004. Template:ISBN. Online version at Brill.
- Gaius Julius Hyginus, Fabulae from The Myths of Hyginus translated and edited by Mary Grant. University of Kansas Publications in Humanistic Studies. Online version at the Topos Text Project.
- Hesiod, Theogony from The Homeric Hymns and Homerica with an English Translation by Hugh G. Evelyn-White, Cambridge, MA., Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1914. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library. Greek text available from the same website.
- Marcus Tullius Cicero, Nature of the Gods from the Treatises of M.T. Cicero translated by Charles Duke Yonge (1812-1891), Bohn edition of 1878. Online version at the Topos Text Project.
- Marcus Tullius Cicero, De Natura Deorum. O. Plasberg. Leipzig. Teubner. 1917. Latin text available at the Perseus Digital Library.
Further reading
- Preisshofen, Felix, Untersuchungen zur Darstellung des Greisenalters in der frühgriechischen Dichtung, Franz Steiner, 1977. Template:ISBN.
External links
- Page Template:Sister-inline/styles.css has no content.Script error: No such module "Sister project logo". Media related to Script error: No such module "Commons link". at Wikimedia Commons
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