Germa
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Germa
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| Country |  Libya |
| Region | Fezzan |
| District | Wadi al Hayaa |
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| Time zone | UTC + 2 |
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Germa, Jerma, Jarma, Djourma, Djerma, Djarma (Template:Langx), known in ancient times as Garama, is an archaeological site in Libya. It was the capital of the Garamantian Kingdom.
Etymology
Germa and the Garamantes tribe are named after their mythical founder Garamas.[2]
History
The Garamantes were a Saharan people[3] living in the Fezzan in the northeastern Sahara Desert. Garamantian power climaxed during the second and the third centuries AD, often in conflict with the Roman Empire to the north. Garama had a population of some four thousand and another six thousand living in villages within a 5 km radius.
The Garamantes often conducted raids across Rome's African frontier, the Limes Tripolitanus, and retreated to the safety of the desert. In 203, Roman Emperor Septimius Severus launched a campaign deep into the Sahara and captured Garama, but he soon abandoned it.[4]
While some sources assert that the city was conquered by Uqba ibn Nafi in 669 AD,[5] other sources[which?] negate the claim that the city was conquered by Uqba ibn Nafi, suggesting instead that a peace treaty was concluded following a conflict between him and the Kanem Empire.
Archaeological work at Germa has most recently been conducted by Prof. David Mattingly's Fazzan Project, which has continued the work of Charles Daniels and Mohammed Ayoub. The Fazzan Project has published a volume based on its work, titled The Archaeology of Fazzan: Synthesis.[6] A digital version of this book has been made freely available under a policy of open access by the British Institute for Libyan and Northern African Studies.[7]
See also
References
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- ^ Amraja M. el Khajkhaj, "Noumou al Mudon as Sagheera fi Libia", Dar as Saqia, Benghazi-2008, p. 121.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Galanti, Giorgio (2004). Country Series - Libya. White Star. ISBN 978-88-540-0023-0.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Life and death of a rural village in Garamantian Times. Archaeological investigations in the oasis of Fewet (Libyan Sahara). All’Insegna del Giglio. December 2013. ISBN 978-88-7814-594-8.
- ^ Birley, Anthony. Septimius Severus, the African emperor. (2000), p. 153
- ^ Salem Mohammed ez Zawam, "Mu’jam al Amakin al Jughrafiya fi Libia", Dar wa Maktabat ash Sha’b, Misratah, 2005, p.51.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."The Fazzan Project - Archaeological survey and excavation in the Sahara". University of Leicester. Retrieved 2021-08-17.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Mattingly, D. J.; Daniels, C. M.; Dore, J. N.; Edwards, D.; Hawthorne, J. (2003). "The Archaeology of Fazzan: Synthesis". JSTOR. Retrieved 2026-04-21.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
External links
Page Template:Sister-inline/styles.css has no content.Script error: No such module "Sister project logo". Media related to Script error: No such module "Commons link". at Wikimedia Commons
- Germa - Lexiorient Script error: No such module "webarchive".
- Toby Savage, photographer
- Nick Brooks' Fezzan Geoarchaeology website
- Germa (Roman Garama)
