Grabaei
The Grabaei (also Kambaioi; Template:Langx) were a minor Illyrian tribe who lived near Lake Skadar.[a] They were mentioned by Pliny the Elder (23–79 AD).Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.
History
After Philip II of Macedon defeated Bardylis (358 BC), the Grabaei, under Grabos II, became the most powerful tribe in Illyria.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. 7,000 Illyrians were killed by Philip II's army in a great victory, annexing the territory up to Lake Ohrid.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. He then reduced the Grabaei, targeted another Illyrian king called Pleuratus (considered by some modern scholars an Ardiaean or Taulantian chieftain), defeated the Triballi (339 BC), and fought with Pleurias, king of the Autariatai (337 BC).Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.
After 9 AD, the remnants of Illyrian tribes moved to new coastal cities and larger and more capable civitates; the Grabaei (called Kambaioi) were among these, mentioned by Pliny the Elder.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.
Kretschmer etymologically connected their name to Slavic grabǔ, "hornbeam", with a cognate in Epirote Greek gábros (γάβρος, "oak-wood").[2] Their name has been connected to Umbrian Krapuvi and Grabovie, gods of Iguvium.[2] Gabraeum (Gabraion[3]), a place in Epirus,[4] may be connected to the tribe.[5] The name of Illyrian king Grabos II suggests a connection with the tribe.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.
See also
Notes
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- ^ Pliny the Elder (23–79 AD) mentioned them as one of the tribes that inhabited the area around Lake Skadar (within a region encompassing Rhizinium, Acruvium, Butua, Olcinium, and the river Drin upon Shkodër). Wilkes (1992) placed them near Lake Skadar.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. Hammond (1994) placed them in the Skodra region.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. Hubert Zehnacker placed them around the Drin.[1] Johann Hahn (1840) placed them between Drin and Acroceraunia.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.
References
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- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Zehnacker, Hubert (2004). Pline l'Ancien. Histoire naturelle: Livre III. Belles Lettres. p. 274. ISBN 978-2-251-01407-4.
- ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Balkan languages". Cambridge Ancient History. Cambridge University Press. 1982. p. 871. ISBN 978-0-521-22496-3.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Procopius : Caesariensis (1729). Procopii Caesariensis Opera: Prokopiou Kaisareos Ton kat'auton historion tetras altera. Procopii Caesariensis historiarum temporis sui tetras altera. p. 443.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Annales. impensis Ed. Weberi. 1838. p. 548.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Kos, M. Š. (1993). "Famous Kylikes in Illyris". Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte: 247–251.
Gabraeum may certainly be connected with the Dalmatian tribe Grabaei, probably named after the oak tree.
Bibliography
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- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Hahn, Johann Georg von (1854). Albanesische Studien: Nebst einer Karte und andern artistischen Beilagen. F. Mauke. p. 240.
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Hammond, N. G. L (1993). Studies concerning Epirus and Macedonia before Alexander. Hakkert. ISBN 9789025610500.
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Hammond, N. G. L. (1994). "Illyrians and North-west Greeks". The Cambridge Ancient History Volume 6: The Fourth Century BC. Cambridge University Press: 422–443. doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521233484.017. ISBN 9781139054331.
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Wilkes, J. J. (1969). Dalmatia. Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674189508.
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Wilkes, J. J. (1992). The Illyrians. Blackwell. p. 121. ISBN 06-3119-807-5.
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