Gram

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gram
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The mass of this Japanese one yen coin is 1.00 gram. A weight scale such as this can give an accurate reading of mass for many objects (see Weight vs. mass).
General information
Unit systemSI
Unit ofMass
Symbolg
Conversions
1 g in ...... is equal to ...
   SI base units   10−3 kilograms
   Imperial units
U.S. customary		   0.0352740 ounces
   daltons   6.02214076×1023 Da

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The gram (originally gramme; SI unit symbol g) is a unit of mass in the International System of Units (SI) equal to one thousandth of a kilogram.

Originally defined in 1795 as "the absolute weight of a volume of pure water equal to the cube of the hundredth part of a metre [1 cm3], and at the temperature of melting ice",[1] the defining temperature (0 °C) was later changed to the temperature of maximum density of water (approximately 4 °C). Subsequent redefinitions agree with this original definition to within 30 parts per million (0.003%), with the maximum density of water remaining very close to 1 g/cm3, as shown by modern measurements.[2]

By the late 19th century, there was an effort to make the base unit the kilogram and the gram a derived unit. In 1960, the new International System of Units defined a gram as one thousandth of a kilogram (i.e., one gram is 1×10−3 kg). The kilogram, as of 2019, is defined by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures from the metre, the second, and from the fixed numerical value of the Planck constant (h).[3][4]

Official SI symbol

The only unit symbol for gram that is recognised by the International System of Units (SI) is "g" following the numeric value with a space, as in "640 g" to stand for "640 grams" in the English language. The SI disallows use of abbreviations such as "gr" (which is the symbol for grains),[5]Template:Rp "gm" ("g⋅m" is the SI symbol for gram-metre) or "Gm" (the SI symbol for gigametre).

History

The word Script error: No such module "Lang". was adopted by the French National Convention in its 1795 decree revising the metric system as replacing the Script error: No such module "Lang". (introduced in 1793 simultaneously with a base measure called Script error: No such module "Lang"., of which Script error: No such module "Lang". was a subdivision). Its definition remained that of the mass (then called weight) of a cubic centimetre of water.[6][7]

French Script error: No such module "Lang". was taken from the Late Latin term Script error: No such module "Lang".. This word—ultimately from Greek Script error: No such module "Lang". (Script error: No such module "Lang".), "letter"—had adopted a specialised meaning in Late Antiquity of "one twenty-fourth part of an ounce" (two oboli),[8] corresponding to about 1.14 modern grams. This use of the term is found in the Script error: No such module "Lang". ("poem about weights and measures") composed around 400 AD.[a] There is also evidence that the Greek Script error: No such module "Lang". was used in the same sense at around the same time, in the 4th century, and survived in this sense into Medieval Greek,[10] while the Latin term died out in Medieval Latin and was recovered in Renaissance scholarship.[b]

The gram was the base unit of mass in the 19th-century centimetre–gram–second system of units (CGS). The CGS system coexisted with the metre–kilogram–second system of units (MKS), first proposed in 1901, during much of the 20th century, but the gram was displaced by the kilogram as the base unit for mass when the MKS system was chosen for the SI base units in 1960.

Uses

File:Amphetamine.jpg
One gram of amphetamines (the unit often used for street retail)

The gram is the most widely used unit of measurement for non-liquid ingredients in cooking and grocery shopping worldwide.[11][12][verification needed] Liquid ingredients are often measured by volume rather than mass.

Many standards and legal requirements for nutrition labels on food products require relative contents to be stated per 100 g of the product, such that the resulting figure can also be read as a percentage by mass.

Conversion factors

File:Wellcome Foundation Object Wellcome L0044963.jpg
A container of Wellcome-brand cocaine, containing 1 avoirdupois ounce or 28.3 grams (note the non-standard abbreviation gm.).
  • 1 gram (g) ≈ 15.43236 grains (gr)
  • 1 grain (gr) = 0.06479891 g (exactly, by definition)
  • 1 avoirdupois ounce (oz) = 28.349523125 g (Page Template:Fraction/styles.css has no content.7000⁄16 or 437.5 gr)
  • 1 troy ounce (ozt) = 31.1034768 g (480 gr)
  • 100 grams (g) ≈ 3.52740 ounces (oz)
  • 1 carat (ct) = 0.2 grams
  • 1 gamma (γ) = 10−6 grams[13][14]
  • 1 undecimogramme = 1 "eleventh-gram" = 10−11 grams in the historical quadrant–eleventh-gram–second system (QES system) a.k.a. hebdometre–undecimogramme–second system (HUS system) [15]
  • 500 grams (g) = 1 jin in the Chinese units of measurement.

Comparisons

See also

Notes

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  1. ^ The date and authorship of this Late Latin didactic poem are both uncertain; it was attributed to Priscian but is now attributed to Rem(m)ius Favinus/Flav(in)us.[9] The poem's title is reflected in the French phrase Script error: No such module "Lang". ("weights and measures") in the title of the 1795 National Convention decree, Script error: No such module "Lang". that introduced the gram, and indirectly in the name of the General Conference on Weights and Measures responsible for the modern definition of the metric units.
  2. ^ In the Renaissance, the Script error: No such module "Lang". was received as a work of the 1st-century grammarian Remmius Palaemon edited in 1528 by Johann Setzer of Hagenau, together with works by Celsius, Priscian and Johannes Caesarius; Script error: No such module "Lang".

References

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  1. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Décret relatif aux poids et aux mesures" (in français). 1795. Archived from the original on 25 February 2013.
  2. ^ The density of water is 0.999972 g/cm3 at 3.984 °C. See Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Franks, Felix (2012). The Physics and Physical Chemistry of Water. Springer. ISBN 978-1-4684-8334-5.
  3. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Draft Resolution A "On the revision of the International System of units (SI)" to be submitted to the CGPM at its 26th meeting (2018) (PDF), archived from the original (PDF) on 29 April 2018, retrieved 17 May 2020
  4. ^ Decision CIPM/105-13 (October 2016) Script error: No such module "webarchive".. The day is the 144th anniversary of the Metre Convention.
  5. ^ National Institute of Standards and Technology (October 2011). Butcher, Tina; Cook, Steve; Crown, Linda et al. eds. "Appendix C – General Tables of Units of Measurement" Script error: No such module "webarchive". (PDF). Specifications, Tolerances, and Other Technical Requirements for Weighing and Measuring Devices Script error: No such module "webarchive".. NIST Handbook. 44 (2012 ed.). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Commerce, Technology Administration, National Institute of Standards and Technology. ISSN 0271-4027 Script error: No such module "webarchive".. OCLC Template:Catalog lookup link. Retrieved 30 June 2012.
  6. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Décret relatif aux poids et aux mesures du 18 germinal an 3 (7 avril 1795)" [Decree of 18 Germinal, year III (April 7, 1795) regarding weights and measures]. Grandes lois de la République (in français). Digithèque de matériaux juridiques et politiques, Université de Perpignan. Archived from the original on 10 May 2013. Retrieved 3 November 2011.
  7. ^ Convention nationale, décret du 1er août 1793, ed. Duvergier, Script error: No such module "Lang"., vol. 6 (2nd ed. 1834), p. 70 Script error: No such module "webarchive".. The metre (Script error: No such module "Lang".) on which this definition depends was itself defined as the ten-millionth part of a quarter of Earth's meridian, given in traditional units as 3 Script error: No such module "Lang"., 11.44 Script error: No such module "Lang". (a Script error: No such module "Lang". being the 12th part of a Script error: No such module "Lang". (inch), or the 144th part of a Script error: No such module "Lang"..
  8. ^ Charlton T. Lewis, Charles Short, A Latin Dictionary s.v. "gramma" Script error: No such module "webarchive"., 1879
  9. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Knorr, Wilbur R. (1996). "Carmen de ponderibus et mensuris". In Hornblower, Simon; Spawforth, Antony (eds.). The Oxford Classical Dictionary (3rd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 292. ISBN 019866172X.
  10. ^ Henry George Liddell. Robert Scott. A Greek-English Lexicon (revised and augmented edition, Oxford, 1940) s.v. γράμμα Script error: No such module "webarchive"., citing the 10th-century work Script error: No such module "Lang". and a 4th-century papyrus edited in L. Mitteis, Script error: No such module "Lang"., vol. i (1906), 62 ii 27.
  11. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Chapman, Pat (2007). India Food and Cooking: The Ultimate Book on Indian Cuisine. London: New Holland Publishers (UK). p. 64. ISBN 978-1-84537-619-2. Retrieved 2 June 2025. Most of the world uses the metric system to weigh and measure. This book puts metric first, followed by imperial because the US uses it (with slight modifications which need not concern us).
  12. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Gisslen, Wayne (2010). Professional Cooking, College Version. New York: Wiley. p. 107. ISBN 978-0-470-19752-3. Retrieved 20 April 2011. The system of measurement used in the United States is complicated. Even when people have used the system all their lives, they still sometimes have trouble remembering things like how many fluid ounces are in a quart or how many feet are in a mile. ... The United States is the only major country that uses almost exclusively the complex system of measurement we have just described.
  13. ^ 5th SI Brochure (1985), p. 78
  14. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."NIST Special Publication 811 – NIST Guide to the SI, Chapter 5: Units Outside the SI". NIST. 28 January 2016. Archived from the original on 12 August 2016. Retrieved 10 December 2022.
  15. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."System of Measurement Units – Engineering and Technology History Wiki". ethw.org. 24 April 2012. Archived from the original on 29 April 2018. Retrieved 29 April 2018.
  16. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Circulating Coin Designs". Japan Mint. Archived from the original on 18 September 2009. Retrieved 7 March 2010.

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