Green monkey

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Female with juvenile, Gambia
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Scientific classification Edit this classification
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Binomial name
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Geographic range
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The green monkey (Chlorocebus sabaeus), also known as the sabaeus monkey,[3] is an Old World monkey with golden-green fur and pale hands and feet.[4] The tip of the tail is golden yellow as are the backs of the thighs and cheek whiskers.[4] It does not have a distinguishing band of fur on the brow, like other Chlorocebus species, and males have a pale blue scrotum.[4] Some authorities consider this and all of the members of the genus Chlorocebus to be a single widespread species, C. aethiops.[citation needed]

Physical description

The green monkey is a sexually dimorphic species, with males typically being slightly larger than females. Wild adult males weigh between 3.9 and 8.0 kg (8.6 and 17.6 lb) and measure between 420 and 600 mm (1.38 and 1.97 ft), while the females usually weigh between 3.4 and 5.3 kg (7.5 and 11.7 lb) and measure between 300 and 495 mm (0.984 and 1.624 ft).[4]

Habitat and distribution

The green monkey can be found in a wide range of wooded habitats, ranging from very dry Sahel woodland to the edge of rainforests. It is also commonly seen in coastal regions, where known to feed on seashore foods such as crabs.[3] It also takes a wide variety of other foods, including fruits and invertebrates.[3]

The green monkey is found in West Africa from Senegal and The Gambia to the Volta River. An insular population can be found on the Bijagós Islands in Guinea-Bissau.[5] It has been introduced to the Cape Verde islands off north-western Africa (islands of Santiago and Brava only) as early as the second half of the 16th century,[6] and the West Indian islands of Saint Kitts, Nevis, Saint Martin, and Barbados,[1] having been introduced in the late 17th century by slave ships coming from West Africa.[4] A small colony descended from 20th century zoo escapees exists in Broward County, Florida.[7]

Behavior

As other members of the genus Chlorocebus, the green monkey is highly social and usually seen in groups. They usually live in groups of 7 up to 80 individuals. Within these groups, there is distinct social hierarchy evidenced by grooming behaviors and gender relationships.

Green monkeys are known to communicate both verbally and non-verbally. They have distinct calls which they use to warn others in the group of predators, and even have specific calls for specific predators. Body language, such as the display of brightly colored genitalia, is also used to communicate danger, but can also be used as a way of establishing dominance. It has also been documented that green monkeys may use facial expressions to express their emotional state.[8]

Reproduction

Green monkeys live in a polygynous society, revolving around the alpha males. The alpha males have control over social interactions and mating between other males and females in the group.

These monkeys are seasonal breeders, breeding during the April to June months (October and November in the Nyes area North West of Thies), during which rainfall is the heaviest. It is during these rainy seasons that fruit is most abundant, so it is speculated that green monkeys schedule their breeding around this time, when resources are most abundant. They breed about once a year, with males reaching sexual maturity in five years, females in two. Despite infant mortality being fairly high, at roughly 57%, green monkeys are known to be heavily invested in their offspring, with mothers taking care of their young for about a year before letting them venture out as individual adults.

Predation

In West Africa, leopards, martial eagles, and pythons (Python) are primary predators of green monkeys. In the Caribbean and the West Indies, humans are the only documented predators.[9]In Fongoli, Senegal, male Western chimpanzees are observed to prey more on green monkeys.[10]

References

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  1. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Groves, C. P. (2005). Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 158–159. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. OCLC 62265494.
  2. ^ Template:Cite iucn
  3. ^ a b c Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Kingdon, J. (1997). The Kingdon Guide to African Mammals. London: Academic Press Limited (AP). ISBN 0-12-408355-2.[page needed]
  4. ^ a b c d e Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Cawthon Lang, K. A. (2006). "Primate Factsheets: Vervet (Chlorocebus) Taxonomy, Morphology, & Ecology". Retrieved 2007-08-13.
  5. ^ Template:Cite bioRxiv
  6. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Hazevoet1, Cornelis J.; Masseti, Marco (2011). "On the history of the green monkey Chlorocebus sabaeus (L., 1766) in the Cape Verde Islands, with notes on other introduced mammals" (PDF). Zoologia Caboverdiana. 2 (1): 12–24. ISSN 2074-5737.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  7. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Monkeys Living Near Florida Airport Connected to 1948 Zoo Escape". Gizmodo. 20 May 2021. Retrieved 22 May 2021.
  8. ^ Matthew Keller, [1], "Animal Diversity Web", 3/26/12
  9. ^ Chlorocebus sabaeus (green monkey). Animal Diversity Web. https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Chlorocebus_sabaeus/
  10. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Pruetz, J. D.; Bertolani, P.; Ontl, K. B.; Lindshield, S.; Shelley, M.; Wessling, E. G. (15 April 2015). "New evidence on the tool-assisted hunting exhibited by chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) in a savannah habitat at Fongoli, Sénégal". Royal Society Open Science. 2 (4) 140507. Royal Society Publishing. Bibcode:2015RSOS....240507P. doi:10.1098/rsos.140507. PMC 4448863. PMID 26064638.

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