HQ-9

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HQ-9
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An HQ-9 portable launcher during China's 60th anniversary parade in 2009, Beijing
TypeLong-range surface-to-air missile
Anti-satellite weapon
Anti-ballistic missile
Place of originChina
Service history
In service2001 – present[1]
Used bySee Operators
Production history
ManufacturerChina Aerospace Science and Industry Corporation (CASIC)[2]
Specifications
Mass~Template:Cvt
LengthTemplate:Cvt
Warhead weight180 kg
PropellantSolid fuel
Operational
range
120 km (HQ-9)[3]
260 km (HQ-9B)[4][5]
Flight ceiling50 km (HQ-9B)[5]
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Guidance
system
Semi-active radar homing[4]
Launch
platform
HQ-9 ground-launched[6]
HHQ-9 surface-launched[3]

The HQ-9 (simplified Chinese: 红旗-9; traditional Chinese: 紅旗-9; pinyin: Hóng Qí-9; lit. 'Red Flag-9'; NATO reporting name: CH-SA-9.[7]) is a long-range semi-active radar homing (SARH) surface-to-air missile (SAM) developed by the People's Republic of China.[3][4] The naval variant is the HHQ-9 (simplified Chinese: 海红旗-9; traditional Chinese: 海紅旗-9; pinyin: Hǎi Hóng Qí-9; lit. 'Sea Red Flag-9').[3] The HQ-9 and its export variants are developed by China Aerospace Science and Industry Corporation (CASIC).[2]

Description

HQ-9 Surface-to-air missiles
PLAAF HQ-9B launcher vehicle

The HQ-9 development program started in the 1970s, with full-scale development beginning in the late-1980s.[8]

According to Western analysts, the HQ-9 is "equivalent"[9] to or a derivative of the Russian S-300, which China started importing in 1993.[10][3][4] Justin Bronk of the Royal United Services Institute describes the missile as a "hybrid design based on the Russian SA-20 but with radar, seeker head and C2 elements heavily influenced by American and Israeli technology."[9]

The missile uses track-via-missile (TVM) guidance combining inertial guidance, mid-course uplink, and terminal active radar.[11] The TVM used on earlier missiles may have been developed from a United States MIM-104 Patriot missile purchased from Israel or Germany.[6]

According to a 2001 article from Defence International, the HQ-9 is 6.8 m. long with a mass of nearly two tons. The diameters of the first and second stages are 700 mm and 560 mm, respectively. The warhead mass is 180 kg, and the maximum speed is Mach 4.2. The HQ-9 may use fire-control radars from other Chinese SAM systems.[12]

Variants

HHQ-9C at the 2025 China Victory Day Parade
Air defense
Changchun (150) equipped with HHQ-9.
Ballistic missile defense and anti-satellite
Export

Foreign interest

Turkey

The HQ-9 was a contender in Turkey's T-LORAMIDS program, and it was reportedly selected as the winner in September 2013.[23] The United States responded by blocking funds to integrate the Chinese system into NATO defenses.[24] However, through 2013 there was no confirmation that the deal had been finalized.[25][26][27] In February 2015, the Grand National Assembly of Turkey was informed by the Ministry of National Defence that the evaluation of bids was complete and that the chosen system would be used by Turkey without integration with NATO; the system was not explicitly named. However, other Turkish officials reported that no winner had been selected.[28] Later in the month, Turkish officials revealed that negotiations were ongoing with multiple bidders; the Chinese bid had not yet satisfied requirements concerning technology transfer.[29] In March 2015, a China Daily article reported that it was "well-known that the Chinese FD-2000 system, a HQ-9 model for export, was chosen for the contract with Turkey in 2013" based on comments made by a CPMIEC representative at the 2015 Langkawi International Maritime and Aerospace Exhibition; the article was misleadingly called "Missile sale to Turkey confirmed."[30] In November 2015, Turkey confirmed it would not purchase the HQ-9, opting for an indigenously developed system instead.[31]

Iran

In late 2025, after the Twelve-Day War in June, a member of the Islamic Consultative Assembly claimed that Iran had received the HQ-9.[32] In July, the Chinese embassy to Israel denied that China was supplying Iran with surface-to-air missiles.[33][34] Reports of the HQ-9 in Iranian service may be Iranian disinformation.[34]

Operating history

China

China has deployed HQ-9s near or in disputed territory. Missiles were deployed in July 2015 to Hotan in Xinjiang, close to Kashmir across the Line of Actual Control,[35] and in February 2016 to Woody Island in the disputed South China Sea.[36][37]

The naval variant, the HHQ-9, was deployed by the PLAN by 2009. It was first carried by the Type 052C destroyer.[38]

Pakistan

The Pakistan Army operates the HQ-9/P variant.[22] Negotiations for the purchase of the HQ-9 and HQ-16 by Pakistan began in early 2015.[39] The system officially entered service on October 14, 2021.[22] The HQ-9/P's first combat use was during the 2025 India–Pakistan conflict.[40][41]

Egypt

It was reported that Egypt had acquired HQ-9B systems in mid-2025 by the Middle East Monitor,[42] and in December 2025, it was reported that the Egyptians had deployed the system as part of an A2/AD system in the Sinai near Israel in a major move to boost aerial defenses not done since 1979.[43]

Operators

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  Current operators: Azerbaijan, China, Morocco, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Pakistan, Egypt
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  • The vertical launch system of the HQ-9B
    The vertical launch system of the HQ-9B
  • HQ-9B and its radar truck
    HQ-9B and its radar truck

See also

Similar systems
Related lists

References

Citations

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  1. ^ a b c Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."HQ-9/-15, and RF-9 (HHQ-9 and S-300) (China), Defensive weapons". Jane's Information Group. 7 January 2010. Archived from the original on 3 May 2012.
  2. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Grevatt, Jon (11 February 2016). "China's CASIC targets international expansion". Janes. Retrieved 11 December 2021.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.McCabe, Thomas R. (23 March 2020). "Air and Space Power with Chinese Characteristics: China's Military Revolution" (PDF). Air & Space Power Journal. 34 (1): 28. Retrieved 11 December 2021.
  4. ^ a b c d e Dahm (March 2021): page 6
  5. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Chen, Chuanren (2 August 2017). "China Shows New Fighters, Missiles and Drones". AINonline. Retrieved 16 May 2022.
  6. ^ a b c Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Fisher, Richard D Jr (11 February 2016). "China deploys HQ-9 surface-to-air missiles to Woody Island". Archived from the original on 20 February 2016. Retrieved 11 December 2021.
  7. ^ a b c d Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Chapter Five: Asia: Regional trends in 2024". The Military Balance 2025. 125 (1): 206–311. 2025. doi:10.1080/04597222.2025.2445477.
  8. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."红旗9衍生自S-300？专家：引进前早已研发". chinanews.cn. Retrieved 20 October 2025.
  9. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Bronk, Justin (January 2020). Modern Russian and Chinese Integrated Air Defence Systems: The Nature of the Threat, Growth Trajectory and Western Options (Report). Royal United Services Institute. p. 20. Retrieved 11 December 2021.
  10. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."#761401". Arms Transfer Database. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. Retrieved 20 October 2025.
  11. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Hong Qi 9 (HQ-9) Air Defence Missile System". Army Technology. 28 May 2021.
  12. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.「黃河」 (January 2001). "巡天神箭 紅旗9號與紅旗家族動態". Defence International (114): 72–81. Archived from the original on 8 September 2020. Retrieved 9 December 2006.
  13. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Chan, Ryan (4 September 2025). "China Builds Own 'Golden Dome' To Rival US Missile Defense". Newsweek.
  14. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Kajal, Kapil (3 September 2025). "From nuclear triad to hypersonics: What China unveiled in largest military parade ever". Interesting Engineering.
  15. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Trevithick, Joseph (4 February 2021). "China Claims It Has Conducted A New Midcourse Intercept Anti-Ballistic Missile Test". The Drive.
  16. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Saunders, Phillip C. (10 June 2021). "Testimony before the U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission Hearing on China's Nuclear Forces" (PDF). U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission. Retrieved 11 December 2021.
  17. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.United States Office of the Secretary of Defense (2018). Annual Report To Congress: Military and Security Developments Involving the People's Republic of China 2018 (PDF) (Report). p. 60. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 August 2018. Retrieved 11 December 2021.
  18. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Hasik, James (2 October 2013). "Chinese Anti-Aircraft Missiles for Turkey? Some Implications for Security and Industry". Atlantic Council. Retrieved 11 December 2021.
  19. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Cranny-Evans, Samuel (22 November 2019). "Uzbekistan conducts first FD-2000 air-defence test". Janes. Retrieved 11 December 2021.
  20. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Le Maroc réceptionne le système de défense anti-aérienne chinois FD-2000B". Challenge.ma (in français). Archived from the original on 19 December 2021. Retrieved 19 May 2026.
  21. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Usman Ansari (27 March 2024). "Pakistan unveils aircraft and rocket programs, parades military tech". Retrieved 10 April 2024.
  22. ^ a b c d Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Cranny-Evans, Samuel; Dominguez, Gabriel (15 October 2021). "Pakistan Army commissions HQ-9/P air-defence system". Janes. Retrieved 11 December 2021.
  23. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Toksabay, Ece (26 September 2013). "Chinese firm wins Turkey's missile defense system tender". reuters.com. reuters. Retrieved 26 September 2013.
  24. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Wilson, Steve (14 December 2013). "Congress to block Turkey using US funds to buy missile system from blacklisted Chinese firm". telegraph.co.uk. AFP. Retrieved 14 December 2013.
  25. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Lague, David (2 October 2013). "For China, Turkey missile deal a victory even if it doesn't happen". Reuters.
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  30. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Peng, Yining (19 March 2015). "Missile sale to Turkey confirmed". China Daily. Retrieved 12 May 2015.
  31. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Butler, Daren; Karadeniz, Tulay; Martina, Michael (18 November 2015). Mark, Heinrich (ed.). "UPDATE 2-Turkey confirms cancellation of $3.4-bln missile defence project awarded to China". Reuters. Retrieved 25 November 2015.
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  35. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."PLA sends HQ-9 air defense missiles close to Kashmir border". Want China Times. 6 July 2015. Archived from the original on 6 October 2015. Retrieved 2 August 2015.
  36. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."China 'has deployed missiles in South China Sea' - Taiwan". BBC News. 17 February 2016.
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  40. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Pervaiz, Sannan (1 August 2025). "China's Role in the May 2025 India-Pakistan Conflict: Strategic and Global Implications". The Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs. Retrieved 19 November 2025.
  41. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Clary, Christopher (28 May 2025). "Four Days in May: The India-Pakistan Crisis of 2025". Stimson Center. Retrieved 19 November 2025.
  42. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Egypt has Chinese air defence system similar to Russia's S-400, say Israeli reports". 16 April 2025.
  43. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Egypt Deploys HQ-9B in Sinai: New A2/AD Shield Threatens Israel's Air Dominance". Defense Security Asia. 3 December 2025.
  44. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Iddon, Paul (7 November 2025). "Azerbaijan May Have Strengthened Its Air Defense With Chinese Missiles". Forbes. Retrieved 7 November 2025.
  45. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Baku's Victory Parade reveals the next generation of Azerbaijan's armed forces – Aze.Media". Aze.Media. 9 November 2025. Retrieved 13 November 2025.
  46. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Veliyev, Samir. "Military parade in Baku and weapons of deterrence". Caliber.Az. Retrieved 13 November 2025.
  47. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.The Military Balance 2024. International Institute for Strategic Studies. p. 260.
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Sources

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