Halecomorphi
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Halecomorphi is a taxon of ray-finned bony fish in the clade Neopterygii. The only extant Halecomorph species are the bowfin (Amia calva) and eyespot bowfin (Amia ocellicauda), but the group contains many extinct species in several families (including Amiidae, Caturidae, Liodesmidae, Sinamiidae) in the order Amiiformes, as well as the extinct orders Ionoscopiformes, Ophiopsiformes[2], Panxianichthyiformes, and Parasemionotiformes. The fossil record of halecomorphs goes back at least to the Early Triassic epoch.
The Halecomorphi exhibit a combination of ancestral features, such as most heavily mineralized scales, but also by more derived or "modern" features, particularly in the structure of the skull (e.g. position and shape of preopercles). Unique derived traits (synapomorphies) of the Halecomorphi include:[3]
- Unique jaw articulation in which the quadrate and symplectic participate in the joint.
- Lengthened dorsal fins (in some species)
- Two biconcave vertebrae per segment in the posterior body region (a condition known as diplospondyly)
- Fan like arrangement of small bones (hypurals) in the tail.
Systematics and phylogeny
On the systematic position of the Halecomorphi, there are two competing hypotheses:
- The Halecostomi hypothesis proposes Halecomorphi as the sister group of Teleostei, the major group of living neopterygians, rendering the Holostei paraphyletic.[4]
- The Holostei hypothesis proposes Halecomorphi as the sister group of Ginglymodi, the group which includes gars (Lepisosteidae) and their fossil relatives, rendering the Halecostomi paraphyletic.[5][6][7]
The latter hypothesis is more widely accepted.[8][9][10][11]
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The following cladogram[12] summarizes the evolutionary relationships of extinct (indicated with a dagger, †) and living orders of Halecomorphi.
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References
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- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.J. S. Nelson; T. C. Grande; M. V. H. Wilson (2016). Fishes of the World (5th ed.). Wiley. p. 752. ISBN 978-1-118-34233-6. Archived from the original on 2019-04-08. Retrieved 2018-05-24.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Ebert, Martin (2018-01-02). "Cerinichthys koelblae, gen. et sp. nov., from the Upper Jurassic of Cerin, France, and its phylogenetic setting, leading to a reassessment of the phylogenetic relationships of Halecomorphi (Actinopterygii)". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 38 (1) e1420071. doi:10.1080/02724634.2017.1420071. ISSN 0272-4634.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Ax, Peter [translated by Dr.Richard. E. Dunmur] (2003). "Halecomorphi — Teleostei". Multicellular Animals. Berlin: Gardners Books. pp. 207–210. doi:10.1007/978-3-662-08874-6_29. ISBN 978-3-642-05515-7.
- ^ Patterson C. Interrelationships of holosteans. In: Greenwood P H, Miles R S, Patterson C, eds. Interrelationships of Fishes. Zool J Linn Soc, 1973, 53(Suppl): 233–305
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Olsen P. E. (1984). "The skull and pectoral girdle of the parasemionotid fish Watsonulus eugnathoides from the Early Triassic Sakemena Group of Madagascar with comments on the relationships of the holostean fishes". J Vertebr Paleontol. 4 (3): 481–499. Bibcode:1984JVPal...4..481O. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.384.2050. doi:10.1080/02724634.1984.10012024.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Grande, Lance; Bemis, William E. (1998). "A Comprehensive Phylogenetic Study of Amiid Fishes (Amiidae) Based on Comparative Skeletal Anatomy. an Empirical Search for Interconnected Patterns of Natural History". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 18 (sup001): 1–696. Bibcode:1998JVPal..18S...1G. doi:10.1080/02724634.1998.10011114.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.López-Arbarello, Adriana; Sferco, Emilia (March 2018). "Neopterygian phylogeny: the merger assay". Royal Society Open Science. 5 (3) 172337. Bibcode:2018RSOS....572337L. doi:10.1098/rsos.172337. PMC 5882744. PMID 29657820.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Betancur-R (2016). "Phylogenetic Classification of Bony Fishes Version 4". Archived from the original on 2017-07-11. Retrieved 2021-06-06.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Nelson, Joseph, S. (2016). Fishes of the World. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ISBN 978-1-118-34233-6.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Script error: No such module "template wrapper".
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.R. Froese and D. Pauly, ed. (February 2006). "FishBase".
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Sun, Zuoyu; Tintori, Andrea; Xu, Yaozhong; Lombardo, Cristina; Ni, Peigang; Jiang, Dayoung (April 2017). "A new non-parasemionotiform order of the Halecomorphi (Neopterygii, Actinopterygii) from the Middle Triassic of Tethys". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 15 (3): 223–240. Bibcode:2017JSPal..15..223Z. doi:10.1080/14772019.2016.1181679. S2CID 133176227.
- Brian J. Gardiner, John G. Maisey, D. Tim J. Littlewood: Interrelationships of Basal Neopterygians. S. 117-146 in: Melanie L. J. Stiassny, Lynne R. Parenti, G. David Johnson (Hrsg.): Interrelationships of Fishes. Academic Press, 1996, Template:ISBN
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