Help:IPA/Dutch

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Template:IPA key The charts below show the way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents Dutch pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see Template:IPA and Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation § Entering IPA characters.

See Dutch phonology for a more thorough look at the sounds of Dutch as well as dialectal variations not represented here.

Most audios are from three different speakers : Template:Error-small has a Randstadian accent (Utrecht, Netherlands) , Template:Error-small speaks in a fairly conservative standard accent (Zwaag, Netherlands) and Template:Error-small is from the Brabantine region (Antwerp, Belgium).

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Consonants
IPA Examples English approximation
b Template:Error-small, Template:Error-small bit
d Template:Error-small, Template:Error-small duck
f Template:Error-small,[a] Template:Error-small fit
ɣ Template:Error-small, Template:Error-small[a] between again (but
without touching the roof
of the mouth) and hue
ɦ Template:Error-small,[a] Template:Error-small behind
j Template:Error-small yes
k Template:Error-small, Template:Error-small skit
l Template:Error-small, Template:Error-small lit, skilled (distinctly pronounced)
m Template:Error-small, Template:Error-small[b] mist, qualm
n Template:Error-small, Template:Error-small[b] nest, gone
ŋ Template:Error-small, Template:Error-small[b] long, bang
p Template:Error-small, Template:Error-small[c] spit
r Template:Error-small, Template:Error-small[d]

guttural R

Template:Error-small, Template:Error-small[d]

"American" atom

s Template:Error-small,[a] Template:Error-small between soup and shoo
(retracted) (N), sip (B)
t Template:Error-small, Template:Error-small[c] stip
v Template:Error-small,[a] Template:Error-small vid
ʋ Template:Error-small, Template:Error-small[e] like looser very (N),
very without the tongue (B)
x Template:Error-small,[a] Template:Error-small[c] SE loch, almost "strong" kit
z Template:Error-small,[a] Template:Error-small between zoop and jupe
(retracted) (N), zip (B)
Marginal consonants
dʑ Template:Error-small, Template:Error-small[a][f] jeep, squidgy
ɡ Template:Error-small[g] goal
ɱ Template:Error-small[b] symphony
ɲ Template:Error-small, Template:Error-small[f][b] somewhat like canyon
ɕ Template:Error-small, Template:Error-small[f] sheep, squishy
tɕ Template:Error-small, Template:Error-small,
Template:Error-small, Template:Error-small[f] 		cheap, itchy
ʑ Template:Error-small[a][f] gite, vision
ʔ Template:Error-small Script error: No such module "IPA".,
Trijntje Oosterhuis
Script error: No such module "IPA".[h] 		catch in uh-oh!
Stress
ˈ Template:Error-small as in commandeer
Script error: No such module "IPA".
ˌ Template:Error-small
Other representations
Script error: No such module "IPA". maken Script error: No such module "IPA".
zelf Script error: No such module "IPA". 		Optional sound[i]
Vowels
IPA Examples English approximation
Checked vowels[j]
ɑ Template:Error-small,[k] Template:Error-small Bart
ɛ Template:Error-small, Template:Error-small, Template:Error-small bet, bed
ɪ Template:Error-small, Template:Error-small bit, bid
ɔ Template:Error-small, Template:Error-small block
ʏ Template:Error-small, Template:Error-small SSB should, or shirt
Free vowels and diphthongs[j]
aː Template:Error-small,
Template:Error-small, Template:Error-small 		"Brit" bad
Script error: No such module "IPA". Template:Error-small I, price
Script error: No such module "IPA". Template:Error-small size, prize
eː Template:Error-small, Template:Error-small,[l]
Template:Error-small[l] 		GenAm bay (N)
SE bay or "flat" Tuesday (B)
Script error: No such module "IPA". Template:Error-small, Template:Error-small "Brit" bait
Script error: No such module "IPA". Template:Error-small, Template:Error-small "Canadian" out
Script error: No such module "IPA". Template:Error-small jaywalk
ə Template:Error-small, Template:Error-small above
i Template:Error-small, Template:Error-small beet ~ bid
Script error: No such module "IPA". Template:Error-small ew!
oː Template:Error-small,
Template:Error-small,[l] Template:Error-small[l] 		bowl (N)
story (B)
øː Template:Error-small,[l] Template:Error-small "Aussie" nerd, or jury
Script error: No such module "IPA". Template:Error-small hoi, choice
Script error: No such module "IPA". Template:Error-small noise
Script error: No such module "IPA". Template:Error-small, Template:Error-small,
Template:Error-small 		out, Mao (N)
no (B)
u Template:Error-small, Template:Error-small Boole
Script error: No such module "IPA". Template:Error-small booyah, Gruyère
y Template:Error-small, Template:Error-small SE food
Script error: No such module "IPA". Template:Error-small few ~ fuel
Marginal vowels
ɑː Template:Error-small[m] father
Script error: No such module "IPA". Template:Error-small[m] croissant
ɛː Template:Error-small[n] BrE faring, FR père
Script error: No such module "IPA". Template:Error-small[m] doyen
iː Template:Error-small,[o]
Template:Error-small 		BrE fearing, FR pire
ɔː Template:Error-small[m][p] cog, FR pore
Script error: No such module "IPA". Template:Error-small[m] montage
œː Template:Error-small[m] furry, FR peur
uː Template:Error-small,[o]
Template:Error-small 		fool, FR pour
yː Template:Error-small,[o]
Template:Error-small 		furious, FR pure

See also

Notes

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  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i Generally, the southern varieties preserve the Script error: No such module "IPA".–Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "IPA".–Script error: No such module "IPA". and Script error: No such module "IPA".–Script error: No such module "IPA". contrasts.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. Southern Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "IPA". may be also somewhat more front, i.e. post-palatal (Template:Error-small).Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. In the north, these are far less stable: most speakers merge Script error: No such module "IPA". and Script error: No such module "IPA". into a post-velar Script error: No such module "IPA". (Template:Error-small) or uvular [χ] (Template:Error-small);Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. most Netherlandic Standard Dutch speakers lack a consistent Script error: No such module "IPA".–Script error: No such module "IPA". contrast.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. In some accents, e.g. Amsterdam, Script error: No such module "IPA". and Script error: No such module "IPA". are also not distinguished.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. Script error: No such module "IPA". and Script error: No such module "IPA". often join this neutralization by merging with Script error: No such module "IPA"..Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. In some accents, /ɦ/ is also devoiced to [h]. See also Hard and soft G in Dutch.
  2. ^ a b c d e Script error: No such module "IPA". assimilates to the place of articulation of the following consonant: before bilabials, it is [m] (merging with Script error: No such module "IPA".), before labiodentals, it is [ɱ] (also merging with Script error: No such module "IPA"., which is labiodental in this position), before palatals, it is [ɲ] (merging with Script error: No such module "IPA".), whereas before velars, it is [ŋ] (merging with Script error: No such module "IPA".). In phrases, Script error: No such module "IPA". alone is affected, as in in Parijs Script error: No such module "IPA". 'in Paris', whereas Script error: No such module "IPA". stays bilabial even before labiodentals.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.
  3. ^ a b c Dutch devoices all obstruents at the ends of words (e.g. a final Script error: No such module "IPA". becomes [t]). This is partly reflected in the spelling: the voiced ‹z› in plural huizen ('houses') becomes huis ('house') in singular, and duiven ('doves') becomes duif ('dove'). The other cases are always written with the voiced consonant, even though a devoiced one is actually pronounced: the voiced ‹d› in plural baarden Script error: No such module "IPA". ('beards') is retained in the singular spelling baard ('beard'), but pronounced as Script error: No such module "IPA".; and plural ribben Script error: No such module "IPA". ('ribs') has singular rib, pronounced as Script error: No such module "IPA".. Because of assimilation, often the initial consonant of the next word is also devoiced, e.g. het vee ('the cattle') is Script error: No such module "IPA".
  4. ^ a b The realization of the Script error: No such module "IPA". phoneme varies considerably from dialect to dialect. In "standard" Dutch, Script error: No such module "IPA". is realized as coronal rhotics [Script error: No such module "IPA".] or various post-velar continuants regrouped under the uvular trill Script error: No such module "IPA".. In the syllable coda, a velar bunched approximant [ɹ̈] is very common in the Netherlands,Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. e.g. Nederlanders ('Dutchmen') Template:Error-small.
  5. ^ The realization of the Script error: No such module "IPA". phoneme varies considerably from dialect to dialect. In the north of the Netherlands, it is a labiodental approximant Script error: No such module "IPA"., or even a voiced labiodental fricative Script error: No such module "IPA".. In the south of the Netherlands and in Belgium, it is pronounced as a bilabial approximant Script error: No such module "IPA"., and Standard Surinamese Dutch uses the labiovelar approximant Script error: No such module "IPA"..Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.
  6. ^ a b c d e The alveolo-palatal affricates Script error: No such module "IPA". and Script error: No such module "IPA"., the fricatives Script error: No such module "IPA". and Script error: No such module "IPA"., and the nasal Script error: No such module "IPA". are allophones of the sequences Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "IPA". and Script error: No such module "IPA".. Script error: No such module "IPA". also occurs as an allophone of Script error: No such module "IPA". before Script error: No such module "IPA". (realized as Script error: No such module "IPA".).Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. Script error: No such module "IPA". and Script error: No such module "IPA". occur only in loanwords.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.
  7. ^ /ɡ/ is not a native phoneme of Dutch and only occurs in loanwords where it can be replaced with Script error: No such module "IPA"., like goal. It also appears with the assimilation of Script error: No such module "IPA".,Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. like in dikbekfuut Template:Error-small.
  8. ^ The glottal stop Script error: No such module "IPA". is indicated sparingly in Dutch transcriptions on Wikipedia: it is mandatorily inserted between Script error: No such module "IPA". and Script error: No such module "IPA". and a syllable-initial vowel, both within words and at word boundaries.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. Often, it is also inserted before phrase-initial vowels or before any word-initial vowel.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. This is not indicated in most of our transcriptions.
  9. ^ After the schwa, the final Script error: No such module "IPA". is frequently elided, so that maken is often pronounced Script error: No such module "IPA"., especially in non-prevocalic environments. The nasal may be retained before vowels, yielding a linking Script error: No such module "IPA".. An intrusive Script error: No such module "IPA". may also occur, as in the phrase red je 't? Script error: No such module "IPA".. In stems ending in Script error: No such module "IPA". (such as teken Script error: No such module "IPA". 'I draw') and in the indefinite article een Script error: No such module "IPA". the nasal is always retained, except when it is degeminated, but when an additional Script error: No such module "IPA". is added to the stem (yielding the infinitive form or the present tense plural form), it behaves regularly, as in tekenen Script error: No such module "IPA". 'to draw' or 'we/you/they draw'. Furthermore, an epenthetic schwa can be inserted between Script error: No such module "IPA". or Script error: No such module "IPA". and Script error: No such module "IPA". (in the case of Script error: No such module "IPA". alone also Script error: No such module "IPA".) within the same morpheme. This is found in all types of Dutch, standard or otherwise. However, in Standard Dutch, it is limited to non-prevocalic clusters. In dialects, it can be generalized to all environments and it can also apply to the sequence Script error: No such module "IPA"., so that morgen 'morning', pronounced Script error: No such module "IPA". in Standard Dutch, is pronounced Script error: No such module "IPA"..Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.
  10. ^ a b The "checked" vowels /ɑ/, /ɛ/, /ɪ/, /ɔ/, and /ʏ/ occur only in historically closed syllables, while their "free" counterparts /aː/, /eː/, /i/, /oː/, and /y/, as well as the other vowels, can occur in both open and closed syllables.
  11. ^ Brabantian which distinguishes non-mid vowels primarly by length,[citation needed] has a central [ä] where standard has a rather back one.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.
  12. ^ a b c d e For most speakers of Netherlandic Standard Dutch, the long close-mid vowels /eː/, /øː/ and /oː/ are realised as slightly closing diphthongs Template:Error-small, Template:Error-small and Template:Error-small, unless they precede Script error: No such module "IPA". within the same syllable.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. The closing diphthongs also appear in certain Belgian dialects, e.g. the one of Bruges, but not in Belgian Standard Dutch. See Dutch phonology#Monophthongs for more details.
  13. ^ a b c d e f Found in loanwords.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.
  14. ^ Mainly found in loanwords.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. With the notable exeption of Template:Wikt-lang.
  15. ^ a b c Found in loanwords as a separate phoneme, and as an allophone of its shorter counterpart before Script error: No such module "IPA". in both native and non-native words,Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. just as other free vowels. Compare auditively Template:Error-small 'shear(s)', with Template:Error-small 'skate'
  16. ^ In Belgium, Script error: No such module "IPA". tends to be pronounced the same as Script error: No such module "IPA"..Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.

References

Citations

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Sources

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