Help:IPA/Japanese
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< Help:IPA
Template:IPA key The charts below show the way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents Japanese language pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see Template:IPA and Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation § Entering IPA characters.
Examples in the charts are Japanese words transliterated according to the Hepburn romanization system.
See Japanese phonology for a more thorough discussion of the sounds of Japanese.
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See also
Notes
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- ^ a b c d Voiced fricatives Script error: No such module "IPA". are generally pronounced as affricates Script error: No such module "IPA". in utterance-initial positions and after the moraic nasal Script error: No such module "IPA". ([n] before Script error: No such module "IPA". and [ɲ] before Script error: No such module "IPA".) or the sokuon Script error: No such module "IPA". (only in loanwords). Actual realizations of these sounds vary (see Yotsugana).
- ^ a b c d When an affricate consonant is geminated, only the closure component of it is repeated: Script error: No such module "IPA"..
- ^ a b A declining number of speakers pronounce word-medial /ɡ/ as [ŋ] Template:Harvcol, but Script error: No such module "IPA". is always represented as Script error: No such module "IPA". in this system.
- ^ The utterance-final nasal is traditionally described as uvular [ɴ], but instrumental studies have found that this is inaccurate and the actual realization varies Template:Harvcol. However, an alternative transcription has yet to be established, so Template:Angbr IPA is used.
- ^ Special cases include: (1) utterance-initial positions, where in addition to the tap, the sound can be described as "a kind of weak plosive" Template:Harvcol, or "an affricate with short friction, Script error: No such module "IPA"." Template:Harvcol, or sometimes Script error: No such module "IPA". Template:Harvcol; (2) before Script error: No such module "IPA"., where Script error: No such module "IPA". is a particularly common allophone Template:Harvcol with Script error: No such module "IPA". also found Template:Harvcol; (3) after Script error: No such module "IPA"., which is also a condition for the mentioned plosive or affricate realization Template:Harvcol Template:Harvcol. Template:Harvcoltxt argues the lateral variants are better described as a tap Script error: No such module "IPA"..
- ^ Script error: No such module "IPA". and Script error: No such module "IPA". are common allophones Template:Harvcol.
- ^ Script error: No such module "IPA". is phonetically a bilabial approximant [β̞], but it is traditionally described as a velar [ɰ] or labialized velar [w] approximant and transcribed with Template:Angbr IPA or Template:Angbr IPA Template:Harvcol.
- ^ The syllable-final n (moraic nasal) is pronounced as some kind of nasalized vowel before a vowel, semivowel (Script error: No such module "IPA".) or fricative (Script error: No such module "IPA".). Script error: No such module "IPA". is a conventional notation that is undefined for the exact place of articulation Template:Harvcol.
- ^ a b Close vowels Script error: No such module "IPA". become voiceless Script error: No such module "IPA". when short and surrounded by voiceless consonants within a word. When the second consonant is Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "IPA"., or Script error: No such module "IPA"., or when both consonants are fricatives (including the second component of an affricate), devoicing is much less likely to occur Template:Harvcol, so vowels in such environments are not transcribed as voiceless (nor are word-final or non-close vowels, whose devoicing is also less consistent). Where close vowels that would be devoiced according to the above rules occur in succession, usually whichever vowel is accented is voiced; if neither is accented, the second is voiced Template:Harvcol: Script error: No such module "IPA".. These rules may be overridden by citing a reliable source that marks devoicing, such as Template:Harvcoltxt or Template:Harvcoltxt, if the word being transcribed appears in it.
- ^ Script error: No such module "IPA"., romanized u, exhibits varying degrees of rounding depending on dialect. In Tokyo dialect, it is either unrounded or compressed [ɯᵝ], meaning the sides of the lips are held together without horizontal protrusion, unlike protruded [u].
- ^ A pitch drop may occur only once per word and does not occur in all words. The mora before a pitch drop has a high pitch. When it occurs at the end of a word, the following grammatical particle has a low pitch.
References
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- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Akamatsu, Tsutomu (1997), Japanese Phonetics: Theory and Practice, München: Lincom Europa, ISBN 978-3-89586-095-9
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Fujimoto, Masako (2015). "Vowel devoicing". In Kubozono, Haruo (ed.). Handbook of Japanese Phonetics and Phonology. Berlin: De Gruyter. pp. 167–214. doi:10.1515/9781614511984.167. ISBN 978-1-61451-252-3.
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Kindaichi, Haruhiko; Akinaga, Kazue, eds. (2014). 新明解日本語アクセント辞典 (in Japanese) (2nd ed.). Tokyo: Sanseido. ISBN 978-4-385-13672-1.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) - Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Labrune, Laurence (2012), The Phonology of Japanese, Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-954583-4
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Maekawa, Kikuo (2020). "Remarks on Japanese /w/". ICU Working Papers in Linguistics. 10: 45–52. doi:10.34577/00004625.
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Maekawa, Kikuo (2023). "Production of the utterance-final moraic nasal in Japanese: A real-time MRI study". Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 53 (1): 189–212. doi:10.1017/S0025100321000050.
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, ed. (2016). NHK日本語発音アクセント新辞典 (in Japanese). Tokyo: NHK Publishing. ISBN 978-4-14-011345-5.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) - Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Okada, Hideo (1999), "Japanese", in International Phonetic Association (ed.), Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the Use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge University Press, pp. 117–119, ISBN 978-0-52163751-0
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Vance, Timothy J. (2008). The Sounds of Japanese. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-5216-1754-3.
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