Help:IPA/Latin
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< Help:IPA
The charts below show the way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents Classical Latin and Ecclesiastical Latin pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see Template:IPA and Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation § Entering IPA characters.
See Latin phonology and orthography and Latin regional pronunciation for a more thorough look at the sounds of Latin.
Key
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See also
Notes
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- ^ Geminate (double) consonants are written with a doubled letter except for Script error: No such module "IPA". and Script error: No such module "IPA".: anus Script error: No such module "IPA"., annus Script error: No such module "IPA".. In IPA, they may be written as double or be followed by the length sign: Script error: No such module "IPA". or Script error: No such module "IPA"..
- ^ a b c d e f g Only found in Greek loanwords.
- ^ a b c d In Classical Latin, ⟨c g t⟩ are always pronounced hard, as Script error: No such module "IPA".. In Ecclesiastical Latin, ⟨c g sc⟩ are pronounced as soft Script error: No such module "IPA". before the front vowels ⟨e i y ae oe⟩, and unstressed ⟨ti⟩ before a vowel is pronounced Script error: No such module "IPA"..
- ^ a b c d In Classical Latin, ⟨i u⟩ represent the vowels Script error: No such module "IPA". and Script error: No such module "IPA"., and the consonants Script error: No such module "IPA". and Script error: No such module "IPA".. Between consonants or when marked with macrons or breves, ⟨i u⟩ are vowels. In some spelling systems, Script error: No such module "IPA". are written with the letters ⟨j v⟩. In other cases, consult a dictionary.
- Consonantal ⟨i⟩, between vowels, stands for doubled Script error: No such module "IPA".: cuius Script error: No such module "IPA".. The vowel before the double Script error: No such module "IPA". is usually short, but it is sometimes marked with a macron. When a prefix is added to a word beginning in Script error: No such module "IPA"., the Script error: No such module "IPA". is usually single: trā-iectum Script error: No such module "IPA"..
- Script error: No such module "IPA". is doubled between vowels only in Greek words, such as Euander Script error: No such module "IPA"..
- ^ Script error: No such module "IPA". has two allophones in Classical Latin. The clear [l] occurs when geminated to Script error: No such module "IPA". and before the vowels Script error: No such module "IPA". and Script error: No such module "IPA"., as well as before Script error: No such module "IPA". and Script error: No such module "IPA".. Elsewhere, a dark (velarized) [ɫ] occurs: at the end of a word, before another consonant, and before all other native vowels, including Script error: No such module "IPA". and Script error: No such module "IPA"..
- ^ a b c In Classical Latin, the combination of a vowel and ⟨m⟩ at the end of a word, or a vowel and ⟨n⟩ before ⟨s⟩ or ⟨f⟩, represents a long nasal vowel.
- ^ a b c In both Classical and Ecclesiastical Latin, ⟨n⟩ is pronounced as [ŋ] before Script error: No such module "IPA".. The digraph ⟨gn⟩ is pronounced as Script error: No such module "IPA". in Classical Latin, but Script error: No such module "IPA". in Ecclesiastical Latin.
- ^ a b In Ecclesiastical Latin, ⟨s⟩ between vowels is often pronounced [z].
- ^ Classical Latin has long and short vowels. If vowel length is marked, long vowels are marked with macrons, ⟨ā, ē, ī, ō, ū, ȳ⟩, and short vowels with breves, ⟨ă, ĕ, ĭ, ŏ, ŭ, y̆⟩. Ecclesiastical Latin does not distinguish between long and short vowels.
- ^ a b Also most forms of Irish English and Northern England English (excluding Scouse and Mancunian)
- ^ a b These dialects include modern Received Pronunciation and most forms of English English (with some exceptions such as Yorkshire), Australian, New Zealand, White South African, Scottish, Ulster, Southern American, Midland American, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Western Pennsylvania and California English. Other dialects of English, such as Northern American, New York City, New England, African American Vernacular, Welsh and Republic of Ireland English, have no close equiavalent vowel.
- ^ In Classical Latin, short ⟨e⟩ and ⟨i⟩ have a more closed articulation, Script error: No such module "IPA". and Script error: No such module "IPA". when they occur before another vowel, instead of their normal Classical values of [Script error: No such module "IPA".] and [Script error: No such module "IPA".].
- ^ In words of two syllables, the stress is on the first syllable. In words of three or more syllables, the stress is on the penultimate syllable if heavy, and on the antepenultimate syllable otherwise. There are some exceptions, most caused by contraction or elision.
- ^ This does not indicate a glottal stop [ʔ]; glottal stops are not reconstructed for Latin prosody in word-internal hiatus.
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