Help:IPA/Lombard

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Template:IPA key The charts below show how the International Phonetic Alphabet represents Lombard language pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see Template:IPA and Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation § Entering IPA characters.

Words are listed for the two major varieties of the language: Western and Eastern Lombard. Neither is preferred at Wikipedia unless a local pronunciation is clearly more relevant. See the respective articles to learn more.

There exist several proposed orthographies, none of which is comprehensive enough to represent the whole dialectal span of the language, and a final agreement to select common written standard of Lombard has yet to be reached. Classical Milanese orthography is here used for Western Lombard and Eastern Unified Orthography for Eastern Lombard. When a word is spelled the same in both orthographies, it is given only once.

Consonants
IPA Examples English approximation
b (WL) biott, dubbi, (EL) biót, döbe bud
d (WL) lader, drizz, (EL) làder, drécc day
dz (WL) mezzaluna, ruzzà, mezz metter[1][2][3] cods
dʒ (WL) veggia, gent, giovin, resgiô, lecc grand, (EL) ègia, regiùr[1][4] juice
f (WL) boffà, oeuv, (EL) bofà, öf[1] fit
ɡ (WL) gatt, bagaj, (EL) gat, bagài good
h (EL) presidènt, sùra, dés, sich, sènt, pesàda, sigóla, pès[3][5] ham
k (WL) can, marches, foeugh, (EL) cà, marchés, föch[1] sky
l lacc, caròtola, (WL) ballon, vioeula, (EL) balù, viöla, pedriöl[6] lock
m (WL) mes'cià, (EL) mes-cià, campiù[7][8] maid
ɱ (EL) banfà, convegnì[7][8] triumph
n nòcc, (WL) danee, (EL) danér, cantù, sentì[7][8] den
ŋ (EL) ànga, mànche[7][8] long
ɲ (WL) gnucca, legn, (EL) gnöca, lègn, àzegn[8] opinion
p (WL) piasè, goeubb, (EL) piasér, gòp[1] spite
r (WL) roeuda, porscell, corr, caròtola, vioeula, (EL) röda, porsèl, cór[6] trilled r
s (WL) pressident, sora, dis, zuccher, lenzoeu, cazzoeula, mezz, dersett, scova, (EL) presidènt, sùra, dés, sich, sènt, pesàda, sigóla, pès, scùa[1][2][3] same
ʃ (WL) pesciada, scigolla, pesg, scenna, scova, (EL) scéna[1][9] shame
t (WL) todesch, giald, (EL) todèsch, zalt[1] stay
ts (WL) zuccher, lenzoeu, cazzoeula, mezz, dersett, (EL) söcher, lensöl, casöla, mès, dersèt[1][2][3] pets
tʃ (WL) mas'c, vegg, ciocca, cinch, cent, tucc trii, (EL) mascc, ècc, ciòca, lesiù[1][5] chain
ʋ (WL) violin, el vent, cavej, on pò de vent, (EL) viulì, ol vènt[1][10] between wet and vet
z desmentegà, (WL) basell, s'gionf, mezzaluna, ruzzà, mezz metter, (EL) bazèl, sgiónf, mezalüna, rözà, mès méter, zét, zùen, rezùr[1][2][3][4] zone
ʒ (WL) resgiô, desmentegà[1][4] vision
Non-native consonants
ʎ (WL) botteglia, (EL) butìglia million
Semivowels
IPA Examples English approximation
j (WL) piatt, tajà, mej, lezion, (EL) piàt, taià, mèi, lècc grant, töcc tré[1] yes
w (WL) aqua, sguerc, s'ciao, (EL) àqua, sguèrs way
Vowels[11]
IPA Examples English approximation
Short vowels
a abità, (WL) mamma, Bressa, perchè, semper,[12] (EL) mama, Brèsa, cantù, pader, lombard, nacc, ach, italià[13] manner (Scotland)
e pelà, perchè, (WL) semper, cortellin, elencà, elettrega, vedemm, besògn,[12] (EL) envéren, méter, sèmper, elencà, elètrega, edóm, bezògn, öle, vendedùr, dét, prensépe, isé, prém, mel, dré, seré, décc, énte[14] bay, but shorter
ɛ (WL) regn, adess, invern, metter, savè, domènega, (EL) règn, adès, pelà, perchè, sèmper, elencà, elètrega, edóm, bezògn, öle, vendedùr, prensépe, setèmber[14] bed
i (WL) inscì, primm, Milan, elettrega, vedemm, besògn,[12] (EL) curtilì, saì, dümìnica, Milà, simpàtech, finìcc, cunusìcc, mìa, giardì beet, but shorter
o (EL) s-ciào, Cóm, cólda, ólter, ólta, póch, conós, óst, modéren, colùr, popolasiù, compàgn, piemontés, ciót, faró, alóra, próa, segónt[15] story, but shorter
ɔ (WL) nòmm, anmò, Còmm, oeuli, vòlta, pocch, cognoss, (EL) nòm, amò, mama, Brèsa[13][15] off
ø (WL) oeugg,[16] (EL) öcc, öle, töarà, cöcömer, pröa, töcc, piö, löster, cöntà, encö, zöga, löna, scör, cönt, öndes[15] bird (RP), but shorter
u (WL) agost, modern, pocch, cognoss, sô, color, popolazion, comun, tovarà, cocumer, (EL) sul, culùr, pupulasiù, piemuntés, cumpuzisiù, alùra, amùr, put, nasiù cool, but shorter
y (WL) tucc, pussee, luster, comunicazion, busecca, (EL) lüna, scür, cümü, büzèca foot (Scotland)
Short nasal vowels[8]
ã (WL) banfà, campion, canton sang (Scotland)
ẽ (WL) sentì, asen, venditor sang (Southern U.S.)
ĩ (WL) prinzipi, simpategh ring
ũ (WL) compagn, piemontes, composizion, convegnì no English equivalent; nasalized Script error: No such module "IPA".
ỹ (WL) cuntà no English equivalent; nasalized Script error: No such module "IPA".
Long vowels
aː (WL) pader, lombard, andaa, calda, alter[17] father
eː (WL) mel, dree bay
iː (WL) dii, prinzipi, finii beet
oː (WL) calda, alter, oeuli, vòlta[15] story
uː (WL) ciod, faroo, alora, amor cool
øː (WL) proeuva, incoeu, oeuli, vòlta[15] bird (RP)
yː (WL) giuga, luna, scur, cuu, cognossuu few (Scotland)
Long nasal vowels[8]
ãː (WL) vanga, manchi, anca, italian sang (Scotland)
ẽː (WL) settember, seren sang (Southern U.S.)
ĩː (WL) dinc, vint, minga, giardin no English equivalent; nasalized Script error: No such module "IPA".
ũː (WL) segond, pont, nazion no English equivalent; nasalized Script error: No such module "IPA".
ỹː (WL) cunt, vundes, comun no English equivalent; nasalized Script error: No such module "IPA".
Suprasegmentals
IPA Examples Explanation
ˈ (WL) insemma Script error: No such module "IPA"., (EL) ensèma Script error: No such module "IPA". primary stress
ˌ (WL) tirabuscion Script error: No such module "IPA"., (EL) tirabosù Script error: No such module "IPA". secondary stress
. (WL) sciador Script error: No such module "IPA"., (EL) sciadùr Script error: No such module "IPA". syllable break
ː (WL) tròpp dolz Script error: No such module "IPA"., (EL) tròp dóls Script error: No such module "IPA".[3] geminated consonant

Notes

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  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Lombard, like a number of other languages, has final devoicing of obstruents, as well as final voicing of normally-devoiced consonants (except stops) immediately before other voiced or nasal consonants: Western Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA"., Eastern Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA".. In such cases, word-final Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "IPA". and Script error: No such module "IPA". may reduce to respectively, [z], [ʒ], [ʃ], [s] in the West, and in the East, Script error: No such module "IPA". and Script error: No such module "IPA". are generally realized as [j].
  2. ^ a b c d Script error: No such module "IPA". and Script error: No such module "IPA". contrast with Script error: No such module "IPA". and Script error: No such module "IPA". only in some Western dialects.
  3. ^ a b c d e f Complete regressive assimilation at word boundaries is common in regular speech: it occurs between a final occlusive and the initial consonant of the following word. In such instances, Script error: No such module "IPA". becomes [dz] and Script error: No such module "IPA". turns back to [s].
  4. ^ a b c Script error: No such module "IPA". is phonemically distinctive only in a few areas of Western Lombardy. Everywhere else, it is realized as [dʒ] or (certain Eastern dialects) [z]. Note that Script error: No such module "IPA". may also be an allophonic rendering of preconsonantal Script error: No such module "IPA". in dialects such as Comasco.
  5. ^ a b In some Eastern variants, Script error: No such module "IPA". is pronounced [h], which leads the /s(t)j/ cluster to be realized as Script error: No such module "IPA". or, after a consonant, [tʃ].
  6. ^ a b Western Lombard generally drops word-final Script error: No such module "IPA". after a long vowel (Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA"., Eastern Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA".). In addition, its northern dialects have rhotacized Latin non-geminate Script error: No such module "IPA". in all (semi)vowel-internal instances (Script error: No such module "IPA". → Script error: No such module "IPA".; compare Script error: No such module "IPA". → Script error: No such module "IPA".).
  7. ^ a b c d In dialects that feature syllable-final nasals, assimilation to the following consonant always takes place even in an ending nasal+stop cluster, and the stop is dropped before another one (Eastern Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA"., Western Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA".).
  8. ^ a b c d e f g Only the Western varieties feature nasal vowels, as the realization of a vowel followed by a phonemic nasal consonant within a closed syllable (Western Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA"., Eastern Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA".), the only exceptions being word-final vowels followed by a nasal other than Script error: No such module "IPA". and word-final stressed short vowels plus Script error: No such module "IPA".. Those are nearly the only cases for which Eastern Lombard has the same realization (Western Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA"., Eastern Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA".; compare Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". and Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA".). All stressed nasal vowels are long, and Eastern dialects always render them by a vowel alone word-finally and sometimes word-internally.
  9. ^ In Eastern dialects, Script error: No such module "IPA". may occur only in foreign borrowings, along with Script error: No such module "IPA"..
  10. ^ Compare Eastern Lombard postvocalic Script error: No such module "IPA".-dropping: Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA"..
  11. ^ Only in Western dialects, but few minimal pairs actually occur, and vowel length is phonemic, with long vowels appearing only in stressed positions. In Eastern dialects, the same contrast tends to be expressed through vowel quality or other means (Western Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". "he/she enjoys", Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". "drops", Eastern Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA".).
  12. ^ a b c In some Western dialects of the north, unstressed Script error: No such module "IPA". of some words is Script error: No such module "IPA"., but in others, it is Script error: No such module "IPA"..
  13. ^ a b Final rounding of unstressed Script error: No such module "IPA". to Script error: No such module "IPA". is possible in Eastern dialects.
  14. ^ a b Eastern unstressed Script error: No such module "IPA". is pronounced either high-mid Script error: No such module "IPA". or low-mid Script error: No such module "IPA"..
  15. ^ a b c d e [oː] is a north Western rendering of certain occurrences of stressed Script error: No such module "IPA". (alterning with [øː] in other realizations), Script error: No such module "IPA". (both corresponding to Script error: No such module "IPA". in the East), and of Script error: No such module "IPA". (alterning with [ɔ] in other realizations and equivalent to Eastern Script error: No such module "IPA".).
  16. ^ Realization varies between Script error: No such module "IPA". and [œ].
  17. ^ Realization varies between Script error: No such module "IPA". and [ɑː].

See also

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