Help:IPA/Persian

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Template:IPA key The charts below show the way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents Persian, Dari, and Tajik language pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see Template:IPA, and Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation § Entering IPA characters.

See Persian phonology for a more thorough look at the sounds of Persian.

IPA Consonants[1]
Template:Flagicon
Farsi 		Template:Flagicon
Dari 		Template:Flagicon
Tajik 		Arabic
letter 		Cyrillic
letter 		Example word English approximation
Arabic script Cyrillic script
b Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". beet[2] - boy
d Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". den - Daniel
dʒ Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". jazz - joy
f Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". fast - festival
ɡ Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". gate[3] - gooseberry
ɣ , q
ɢ[4] 		ɣ Script error: No such module "Lang".
[5] 		Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Either:
  • Spanish fuego (Script error: No such module "IPA".),
  • Similar to cost (but deeper in the throat) (Script error: No such module "IPA".),
  • Similar to got (but deeper in the throat) (Script error: No such module "IPA".)
q Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang".
h Script error: No such module "Lang".
Script error: No such module "Lang". 		Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". hat
j Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". yard
kʰ Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". cat[6]
l Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". land
m Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". man[7]
n Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". neck
pʰ Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". pen[6]
ɾ Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Flapped or rolled R[8]
ɹ ring
s Script error: No such module "Lang".
Script error: No such module "Lang".
Script error: No such module "Lang". 		Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". sock
ʃ Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". shake
tʰ Script error: No such module "Lang".
Script error: No such module "Lang". 		Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". tall[6]
tʃʰ Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". chip[6]
v w v Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Farsi & Tajik: oven, Dari: wet[9][10]
x Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". loch (Scottish)
z Script error: No such module "Lang".
Script error: No such module "Lang".
Script error: No such module "Lang".
Script error: No such module "Lang". 		Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". jazz[11]
ʒ Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". vision[12]
ʔ Script error: No such module "Lang".
Script error: No such module "Lang".[13] 		Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". As in water, better, Let's go! (Cockney); button (GA and RP; see T-glottalization)
Marginal consonants
ŋ Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". sing[14]
Stress
Script error: No such module "IPA". [15] Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang".
Script error: No such module "IPA". 		Script error: No such module "Lang". about
/əˈbaʊt/
IPA Vowels
Template:Flagicon
Farsi 		Template:Flagicon
Dari 		Template:Flagicon
Tajik 		Arabic
letter 		Cyrillic
letter 		Example word English approximation
Arabic script Cyrillic script Farsi Dari Tajik
Monophthongs
æ[16] æ, a Script error: No such module "Lang".‎[17]
Script error: No such module "Lang". 		Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". bat
e[16][18] ɪ i Script error: No such module "Lang".‎[17]
Script error: No such module "Lang".[19] 		Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". between bait and bet[20] bit beat
o[16] ʊ u [21]Script error: No such module "Lang".
Script error: No such module "Lang".‎[17] 		Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". story pull cool
ɒː[22] ɑː ɔ Script error: No such module "Lang".
Script error: No such module "Lang". 		Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". off, but longer father off
iː eː e̞ Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". beat bait bet
iː i Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". beat
uː oː ɵ̞, o̞ Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". cool story bet, story
uː u Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". cool
Diphthongs[23]
Script error: No such module "IPA". Script error: No such module "IPA". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". bay buy
Script error: No such module "IPA".[24] Script error: No such module "IPA". Script error: No such module "IPA". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". goal loud

See also

Notes

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  1. ^ Persian consonants can be geminated (doubled), especially in words from Arabic. This is represented in IPA by doubling the consonant: Script error: No such module "IPA"..
  2. ^ Also an allophone of Script error: No such module "IPA". before voiced consonants.
  3. ^ Also an allophone of Script error: No such module "IPA". before voiced consonants.
  4. ^ Also an allophone of /x/ before voiced consonants.
  5. ^ غ and ق denoted the original Arabic phonemes in Classical Persian, the voiced velar fricative Script error: No such module "IPA". and the voiceless uvular stop Script error: No such module "IPA". (pronounced in Persian as voiced uvular stop Script error: No such module "IPA".), respectively. In the modern Tehrani accent (both colloquial and standard dialects), the phonemes of غ and ق are allophones; when Script error: No such module "IPA". (spelled either Script error: No such module "Lang". or Script error: No such module "Lang".) occurs at the beginning or the end of a word, after a consonant and at the end of a syllable, it is realized as a voiced uvular plosive Script error: No such module "IPA".. When /Script error: No such module "IPA"./ (also spelled either Script error: No such module "Lang". or Script error: No such module "Lang".) occurs intervocalically, it is realized as a voiced velar fricative Script error: No such module "IPA".. The allophone is probably influenced by Turkic languages like Azeri and Turkmen. The sounds remain distinct in Persian dialects of southern Iran and Eastern Persian dialects (Dari and Tajik).
  6. ^ a b c d The unvoiced stops Script error: No such module "IPA". are aspirated much like their English counterparts: they become aspirated when they begin a syllable, but aspiration is not contrastive.
  7. ^ Also an allophone of Script error: No such module "IPA". before bilabial consonants.
  8. ^ A trilled allophone [r] occurs word-initially (Spanish, Italian, or Russian r; it can be in free variation between a trill Script error: No such module "IPA". and a flap Script error: No such module "IPA".); trill [r] as a separate phoneme occurs word-medially especially in loanwords of Arabic origin as a result of gemination (doubling) of Script error: No such module "IPA".. Only Script error: No such module "IPA". occurs before and after consonants; in word-final position it is usually a free variation between a flap or a trill when followed by a consonant or a pause, but flap is more common, only flap before vowel-initial words.
  9. ^ While Script error: No such module "Lang". is pronounced Script error: No such module "IPA". in Iranian Persian, it is pronounced as [w] in Dari.
  10. ^ Script error: No such module "IPA". is also an allophone of Script error: No such module "IPA". before voiced consonants.
  11. ^ Also an allophone of Script error: No such module "IPA". before voiced consonants.
  12. ^ Also an allophone of Script error: No such module "IPA". before voiced consonants.
  13. ^ Moreover spoken before all initial vowel onsets (as in ایران [ʔiːˈɾɒːn] (Iran))
  14. ^ Velar nasal Script error: No such module "IPA". is an allophone of Script error: No such module "IPA". before Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "IPA"., and Script error: No such module "IPA". in native vocabulary.
  15. ^ Stress falls on the last stem syllable of most words. For the various exceptions and other clarifications, see Persian phonology § Word accent.
  16. ^ a b c The three short or unstable vowels are actually short only in open, non-final syllables. In other environments, their length is equal to the long vowels (Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Toosarvandani, Maziar Doustdar (9 November 2004). "Vowel Length in Modern Farsi" (PDF). Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. 14 (03): 241–251. doi:10.1017/S1356186304004079.).
  17. ^ a b c In the modern Persian script, the "short" vowels Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "IPA". are usually not written, like in the Arabic alphabet; only the long vowels Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "IPA". are represented in the text. That, of course, creates certain ambiguities.
  18. ^ Script error: No such module "IPA". is also a word-final allophone of Script error: No such module "IPA". in contemporary Iranian Persian.
  19. ^ Only word finally, when it forms the silent he.
  20. ^ The Farsi Script error: No such module "IPA". is different from any English vowel, but the nearest equivalents are the vowel of bait (for most English dialects) and the vowel of bet; the Persian vowel is usually between the two.
  21. ^ Only when it forms the silent vav.
  22. ^ The level of roundedness may vary. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. writes simply Script error: No such module "IPA"., but Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. describe it as "underrounded" but write Script error: No such module "IPA". anyway. The vowel may be written as Script error: No such module "IPA". as well.[1][dead link][2][dead link]
  23. ^ The number and even the existence of diphthongs in Persian are disputed (Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Alamolhoda, Seyyed Morleza (2000). "Phonostatistics and Phonotactics of the Syllable in Modern Persian". Studia Orientalia. 89: 14–15. ISSN 0039-3282.).
  24. ^ Script error: No such module "IPA". becomes Script error: No such module "IPA". in the colloquial Tehrani dialect but is preserved in other Western dialects and standard Eastern Persian.

References

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