Hosta

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File:Afbeelding-053-Hosta sieboldiana.tif
Hosta sieboldiana by Abraham Jacobus Wendel, 1868

Hosta (/ˈhɒstə/,[5] syn. Funkia) is a genus of plants commonly known as hostas, plantain lilies and occasionally by the Japanese name gibōshi. Hostas are widely cultivated as shade-tolerant foliage plants. The genus is placed in the family Asparagaceae, subfamily Agavoideae,[6] and is native to northeast Asia (China, Japan, Korea, and the Russian Far East).[2] Like many "lilioid monocots", the genus was once classified in the Liliaceae. The genus was named by Austrian botanist Leopold Trattinnick in 1812,[7] in honor of the Austrian botanist Nicholas Thomas Host.[8] In 1817, the generic name Funkia was used by German botanist Kurt Sprengel in honor of Heinrich Christian Funck, a collector of ferns and alpines.[9] It was later used as a common name and is referenced in some older literature.

Description

Hostas are herbaceous perennial plants, growing from rhizomes which are sometimes stoloniferous,[10] with broad lanceolate or ovate leaves varying widely in size by species from Template:Cvt long and Template:Cvt broad. The smallest varieties are called miniatures. Variation among the numerous cultivars is even greater, with clumps ranging from less than Template:Cvt across and Template:Cvt high to more than Template:Cvt across and Template:Cvt high. Leaf color in wild species is typically green, although some species (e.g., H. sieboldiana) are known for a glaucous waxy leaf coating that gives a blue appearance to the leaf. Some species have a glaucous white coating covering the underside of the leaves. Natural mutations of native species are known with yellow-green ("gold") colored leaves or with leaf variegation (either white/cream or yellowish edges or centers). Variegated plants very often give rise to sports which are the result of the reshuffling of cell layers during bud formation, producing foliage with mixed pigment sections. In seedlings variegation is generally maternally derived by chloroplast transfer and is not a genetically inheritable trait.

The flowers of hosta are produced on upright scapes that are woody and remain on the plant throughout winter, they are generally taller than the leaf mound, and end in terminal racemes.[11] The individual flowers are usually pendulous, Template:Cvt long, with six tepals,[12] white, lavender, or violet in color and usually scentless. The only strongly fragrant species is Hosta plantaginea, which has white flowers up to Template:Cvt long; it is also unusual in that the flowers open in the evening and close by morning. The species blooms in late summer and is sometimes known as "August Lily".[13]

Taxonomy

Taxonomists differ on the number of Hosta species; there may be as many as 45.[14] Accordingly, the list of species given here may be taken loosely. The genus may be broadly divided into three subgenera. Interspecific hybridization occurs since all the species have the same chromosome number (2n = 2x = 60); except H. ventricosa which is a natural tetraploid that sets seed through apomixis. Many cultivated hostas formerly described as species have been reduced to cultivars; the names of these are often conserved and retain Latinised names which resemble species names (e.g., Hosta 'Fortunei').

Accepted species[2] as of July 2021:

Image Scientific name Distribution
Hosta albofarinosa Anhui
File:Hosta capitata2UME.jpg Hosta capitata Japan, Korea
File:Hosta clausa var. ensata1SHSU.jpg Hosta clausa Korea, Manchuria, Primorye
Hosta hypoleuca Honshu
Hosta jonesii Korean Islands
Hosta kikutii Japan
File:Hosta pachyscapa kz1.jpg Hosta kiyosumiensis Honshu
File:Hosta lancifolia kz4.jpg Hosta lancifolia Russian Far East, Japan
Hosta longipes Japan, Korea
Hosta longissima Japan, Korea
File:Hosta minor kz04.jpg Hosta minor Kyushu, Korea
File:Hosta plantaginea Funkia babkowata 02.jpg Hosta plantaginea China
Hosta pulchella Kyushu
Hosta pycnophylla Honshu
Hosta shikokiana Shikoku
File:Hosta sieboldiana (flower).jpg Hosta sieboldiana Japan, Korea
File:Hosta sieboldii kz05.jpg Hosta sieboldii Japan
Hosta tsushimensis Kyushu
File:Hosta ventricosa3726837254.jpg Hosta ventricosa S China
File:Hosta venusta Moegi-fukurin-otome 0zz.jpg Hosta venusta Jeju-do, Japan
Hosta yingeri Korean Islands

Accepted hybrids

[citation needed]

Cultivation

File:Hosta33.jpg
Hosta

Hostas are widely cultivated, being particularly useful in the garden as shade-tolerant plants whose striking foliage provides a focal point. The plants are long-lived perennials that are winter hardy in USDA Zones 3 to 8 and recommended for heat zones 8 to 1.[15] Though Hosta plantaginea originates in China, most of the species that provide the modern plants were introduced from Japan to Europe by Philipp Franz von Siebold in the mid-19th century originating from shady locations with more moisture than they are generally cultivated.[16] Newer species have been discovered on the Korean peninsula as well. Hybridization within and among species and cultivars has produced numerous cultivars. The American Hosta Society is the International Cultivar Registration Authority for Hosta, and recognizes over 7,200 registered or reserved names.[17]

Cultivars with golden- or white-variegated leaves are especially prized.[citation needed] Popular cultivars include 'Francee' (green leaves with white edges), 'Gold Standard' (yellow leaves with green edges, discovered by Pauline Banyai) 'Undulata' (green leaves with white centers), 'June' (blue-green leaves with creamy centers), and 'Sum and Substance' (a huge plant with chartreuse-yellow leaves). Newer, fragrant cultivars including 'Guacamole' are also popular.

The American Hosta Society[18] and the British Hosta and Hemerocallis Society[19] support hosta display gardens, often within botanical gardens. Hostas are frequently exhibited at major shows like the Chelsea Flower Show.

Cultivars

Here is a list of cultivars that have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit:

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  • 'Allegan Fog'[20]
  • 'Aureomarginata' (ventricosa)[21]
  • 'Blue Angel' (sieboldiana)[22]
  • 'Blue Mouse Ears'[23]
  • 'Christmas Tree'[24]
  • 'Cracker Crumbs'[25]
  • 'Devon Green'[26]
  • 'El Niño' (Tardiana Group)[27]
  • 'Fire Island'[28]
  • 'First Frost'[29]
  • 'Francee' (fortunei)[30]
  • 'Frances Williams'[31]
  • 'Golden Tiara'[32]
  • 'Halcyon' (tardiana)[33]
  • H. fortunei var. aureomarginata[34]
  • H. plantaginea var. japonica[35]
  • H. sieboldiana var. elegans[36]
  • H. undulata var. undulata[37]
  • H. ventricosa[38]
  • H. venusta[39]
  • 'June' (tardiana)[40]
  • 'Krossa Regal'[41]
  • 'Liberty'[42]
  • 'Orange Marmalade'[43]
  • 'Paradise Puppet'[44]
  • 'Patriot'[45]
  • 'Paul's Glory'[46]
  • 'Praying Hands'[47]
  • 'Revolution'[48]
  • 'Royal Standard'[49]
  • 'Sagae'[50]
  • 'Shining Tot'[51]
  • 'Stained Glass'[52]
  • 'Sum and Substance'[53]
  • 'Touch of Class'[54]
  • 'Whirlwind'[55]
  • 'Wide Brim'[56]

Toxicity

While usually grown for ornamental purposes, all species of hosta are edible, and are grown as vegetables in some Asian cultures.[57] However, hostas may be toxic to dogs, cats, and horses if consumed in large quantities because some contain saponins.[58] Symptoms include vomiting and diarrhea.[59]

Pests and diseases

File:Moonlightvar.jpg
Hosta with virus X

Hosta leaves and stems are eaten by deer, rabbits, slugs, and snails. The roots and rhizomes are eaten by voles. All of these animals can cause extensive damage to collections in gardens. Some varieties seem more resistant to slug damage, which is more prevalent later in the growing season, than others. Insect pests include vine weevils and cutworms.[60]

Foliar nematodes, which leave streaks of dead tissue between veins, have become an increasing problem where pesticide use has decreased.[citation needed] A potexvirus called 'Hosta Virus X' was first identified in Minnesota in 1996. Plants which are infected are destroyed to prevent its spread as the disease can be transmitted from plant to plant by contaminated sap. Symptoms include dark green "ink bleed" marks in the veins of yellow-colored leaves, and/or tissue collapse between veins. It can take years for symptoms to show, so symptomless plants in infected batches should also be considered infected.[61][62]

Other viruses which infect hosta include: Tomato Ringspot Virus, Impatiens Necrotic Spot Virus, Tobacco Rattle Virus, Cucumber Mosaic Virus and several unidentified viruses.[63] Fungal diseases which affect hosta include: crown rot caused by Fusarium hostae.[64][65] It causes stunting and late emergence of the plants, leaf chlorosis, browning and necrosis.

References

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  1. ^ Tropicos, search for Hosta
  2. ^ a b c Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families". Archived from the original on 9 September 2022. Retrieved 15 October 2014.
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  4. ^ Tropicos, search for Libertia
  5. ^ Sunset Western Garden Book, 1995:606–607
  6. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Stevens, P.F., Angiosperm Phylogeny Website: Asparagales: Agavoideae
  7. ^ Diana Wells 100 Flowers and How They Got Their Names, p. 96, at Google Books
  8. ^ Mikolajski, A. (1997). Hostas – The New Plant Library, Canada: Lorenz Books. Template:ISBN
  9. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Hostas – taxonomy". hostas.fr. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 24 March 2015.
  10. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Hosta in Flora of North America @ efloras.org".
  11. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Wolfram George Schmid (1991). The Genus Hosta. Timber Press. p. 393. ISBN 978-0-88192-201-1.
  12. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Klaus Kubitzki (27 August 1998). Flowering Plants. Monocotyledons: Lilianae (except Orchidaceae). Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 256–. ISBN 978-3-540-64060-8.
  13. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Holmes, Roger (18 October 2001). Taylor's Master Guide to Gardening. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. ISBN 978-0-618-15907-9.
  14. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Hosta in Flora of China @ efloras.org".
  15. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Jim Wilson (1 October 1999). Bulletproof Flowers for the South. Taylor Trade Publishing. pp. 77–. ISBN 978-1-4617-0855-1.
  16. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Diana Grenfell; Michael Shadrack (23 January 2010). The New Encyclopedia of Hostas. Timber Press. pp. 14–. ISBN 978-0-88192-960-7.
  17. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."The Hosta Treasury". American Hosta Society. Retrieved 12 October 2023.
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  19. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."HOME page of the British Hosta and Hemerocallis Society".
  20. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."RHS Plantfinder – Hosta 'Allegan Fog'". Retrieved 7 March 2018.
  21. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."RHS Plant Selector – Hosta 'Aureomarginata' (ventricosa)". Retrieved 23 February 2020.
  22. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."RHS Plant Selector – Hosta 'Blue Angel' (sieboldiana)". Retrieved 5 August 2015.
  23. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."RHS Plantfinder – Hosta 'Blue Mouse Ears'". Retrieved 7 March 2018.
  24. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."RHS Plantfinder – Hosta 'Christmas Tree'". Retrieved 7 March 2018.
  25. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."RHS Plantfinder – Hosta 'Cracker Crumbs'". Retrieved 7 March 2018.
  26. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."RHS Plantfinder – Hosta 'Devon Green'". Retrieved 7 March 2018.
  27. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."RHS Plantfinder – Hosta 'El Niño'". Retrieved 7 March 2018.
  28. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."RHS Plantfinder – Hosta 'Fire Island'". Retrieved 7 March 2018.
  29. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."RHS Plantfinder – Hosta 'First Frost'". Retrieved 7 March 2018.
  30. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."RHS Plant Selector – Hosta 'Francee' (fortunei)". Retrieved 23 February 2020.
  31. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Hosta 'Frances Williams' (sieboldiana) (v)".
  32. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."RHS Plant Selector – Hosta 'Golden Tiara'". Retrieved 23 February 2020.
  33. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."RHS Plant Selector – Hosta (Tardiana Group) 'Halcyon'". Retrieved 23 February 2020.
  34. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."RHS Plant Selector – Hosta fortunei var. aureomarginata". Retrieved 23 February 2020.
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  36. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."RHS Plant Selector – Hosta sieboldiana var. elegans". Retrieved 23 February 2020.
  37. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."RHS Plant Selector – Hosta undulata var. undulata". Retrieved 23 February 2020.
  38. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."RHS Plant Selector – Hosta ventricosa". Retrieved 23 February 2020.
  39. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."RHS Plant Selector – Hosta venusta". Retrieved 23 February 2020.
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  43. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."RHS Plantfinder – Hosta 'Orange Marmalade'". Retrieved 7 March 2018.
  44. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."RHS Plantfinder – Hosta 'Paradise Puppet'". Retrieved 7 March 2018.
  45. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."RHS Plantfinder – Hosta 'Patriot'". Retrieved 7 March 2018.
  46. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."RHS Plantfinder – Hosta 'Paul's Glory'". Retrieved 7 March 2018.
  47. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."RHS Plantfinder – Hosta 'Praying Hands'". Retrieved 7 March 2018.
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  64. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.P. Narayanasamy (8 October 2019). Soilborne Microbial Plant Pathogens and Disease Management, Volume Two: Management of Crop Diseases. CRC Press. pp. 62–. ISBN 978-0-429-60338-9.
  65. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Geiser, David M.; Juba, Jean H.; Wang, Bo; Jeffers, Steven N. (2001). "Fusarium hostae sp. nov., a Relative of F. redolens with a Gibberella Teleomorph". Mycologia. 93 (4): 670–678. doi:10.2307/3761821. JSTOR 3761821. Retrieved 14 September 2021.

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