Hydrocotyle

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Hydrocotyle, also called floating pennywort,[5] water pennywort,[6] dollar weed, marsh penny, thick-leaved pennywort and white rot,[7] is a genus of prostrate, perennial[8] aquatic or semi-aquatic plants formerly classified in the family Apiaceae, now in the family Araliaceae.[3]

Description

Water pennyworts, Hydrocotyles, are very common.[<span title="Script error: No such module "decodeEncode".">clarification needed] They have long creeping stems that often form dense mats, often in and near ponds, lakes, rivers, and marshes,[6] and some species in coastal areas by the sea.[9][10]

Leaves
Simple, with small leafy outgrowth at the base, kidney shaped to round. Leaf edges are scalloped. The leaf surfaces of Hydrocotyle are prime grounds for oviposition of many butterfly species, such as Anartia fatima.
Flowers
Flower clusters are simple and flat-topped or rounded. Involucral bracts at the base of each flower. Indistinct sepals.
  • Flowering Hydrocotyle leucocephala
    Flowering Hydrocotyle leucocephala
  • Flowering Hydrocotyle vulgaris
    Flowering Hydrocotyle vulgaris
    • Fruits and reproduction
    Elliptical to round with thin ridges and no oil tubes (vitta) which is characteristic in the fruit of umbelliferous plants.[8]
    The prostrate plants reproduce by seed and by sending roots from stem nodes.[11]

    Selected species

    Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". There are over 280 species recognised in the genus Hydrocotyle that grow in tropical and temperate regions worldwide.[8] A few species have entered the world of cultivated ornamental aquatics.[12] A list of selected species:[1][2][3][13][14][15][16]

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    Distribution

    Hydrocotyleae grow in wet and damp places in the tropics and the temperate zones.[8]

    Fossil record

    One fossil fruit of a Hydrocotyle sp. has been extracted from borehole samples of the Middle Miocene fresh water deposits in Nowy Sacz Basin, West Carpathians, Poland.[17]

    References

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    1. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Hydrocotyle L." African Plants Database. South African National Biodiversity Institute, the Conservatoire et Jardin botaniques de la Ville de Genève and Tela Botanica. Retrieved 2008-04-25.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)
    2. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS). "Classification for Kingdom Plantae Down to Genus Hydrocotyle L." The PLANTS Database. United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 2008-04-25.
    3. ^ a b c Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN) (2006-04-02). "Genus: Hydrocotyle L." Taxonomy for Plants. USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program, National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Archived from the original on 2009-05-08. Retrieved 2008-04-25.
    4. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Hydrocotyle Tourn. ex L." Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 2022-12-29.[dead link]
    5. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Floating pennywort". Invasive Species. 2021. Retrieved 17 May 2022.
    6. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.University of Florida Herbarium (2005). "Hydrocotyle species". Aquatic, Wetland and Invasive Plant Particulars and Photographs. University of Florida, Center for Aquatic and Invasive Plants. Archived from the original on 2008-04-20. Retrieved 2008-04-25.
    7. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.M. Grieve (1931). "Hydrocotyle". A Modern Herbal. © Copyright Protected 1995-2008 Botanical.com. Retrieved 2008-04-25.
    8. ^ a b c d Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Flora of China. "Hydrocotyle Linn". Family List. Retrieved 2008-04-25.
    9. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Aluka. "Hydrocotyle bonariensis Lam. [family UMBELLIFERAE]". African Plants. Ithaka Harbors, Inc. Retrieved 2008-04-25.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)
    10. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Klein, Alecsandro Schardosim; Citadini-Zanette, Vanilde; dos Santos, Robson (September 2007). "Florística e estrutura comunitária de restinga herbácea no município de Araranguá, Santa Catarina". Biotemas (in português). 20 (3): 15–26.
    11. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Watson, Mark F. "Hydrocotyle L". Flora of Bhutan. Retrieved 2008-04-25.
    12. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Pennywort, Genus Hydrocotyle". The Aquarium Gardener Series. Retrieved 2008-04-25.
    13. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Flora of China. "1. Hydrocotyle Linnaeus". Family List. 14. Retrieved 2008-04-25.
    14. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Taiwan Plant Names. "Hydrocotyle Linn". Family List. III. Retrieved 2008-04-25.
    15. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Madagascar Catalog. "Hydrocotyle L." Genus Page. Retrieved 2008-04-25.
    16. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."hydrocotyle". New Zealand Weeds. Massey University: Institute of Natural Resources. Archived from the original on 2008-10-14. Retrieved 2008-04-25.
    17. ^ Łańcucka-Środoniowa M.: Macroscopic plant remains from the freshwater Miocene of the Nowy Sącz Basin (West Carpathians, Poland) [Szczątki makroskopowe roślin z miocenu słodkowodnego Kotliny Sądeckiej (Karpaty Zachodnie, Polska)]. Acta Palaeobotanica 1979 20 (1): 3-117.

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