I-mutation

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Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Sidebar/configuration' not found. Template:IPA notice I-mutation (also known as umlaut, front mutation, i-umlaut, i/j-mutation or i/j-umlaut) is a type of sound change in which a back vowel is fronted or a front vowel is raised if the following syllable contains /i/, /iː/ or /j/ (a voiced palatal approximant, sometimes called yod, the sound of English ⟨y⟩ in yes). It is a category of regressive metaphony, or vowel harmony.

The term is usually used by scholars of the Germanic languages: it is particularly important in the history of the Germanic languages because inflectional suffixes with an Script error: No such module "IPA". or Script error: No such module "IPA". led to many vowel alternations that are still important in the morphology of the languages.

Germanic languages

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". I-mutation took place separately in the various Germanic languages from around 450 or 500 CE in the North Sea area and affected all the early languages,[1] except for Gothic.[2] It seems to have taken effect earliest and most completely in Old English and Old Norse. It took place later in Old High German; by 900, its effects are consistently visible only in the spelling of Germanic Script error: No such module "IPA"..

Other languages

I-mutation exists in many other languages but is often referred to by different names. As an example, in the Romance languages, it is more commonly called metaphony (from Ancient Greek, meaning "process of changing sounds," which translates into German as umlaut: Script error: No such module "Lang". "about" with Script error: No such module "Lang". "sound").[3] Meanwhile, in Celtic languages, it is referred to as affection.[citation needed] A type of i-mutation is also observed in Anatolian languages, including Hittite, Luwian, Lycian and Lydian.[4][5][6][7]

Korean language

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". In Middle Korean, I-backward-sequenced vowels (Script error: No such module "Lang".) were diphthongs, i.e. Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "Lang".Script error: No such module "IPA".. However, in early modern Korean, they are monophthongized by umlaut, i.e. Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA". with only one exception: Script error: No such module "Lang"..[8] However, in late modern Korean, Script error: No such module "Lang". is diphthongized to Script error: No such module "IPA"..[9] Also, Script error: No such module "Lang". is unstable and standard Korean allows to pronounce both Script error: No such module "IPA". and Script error: No such module "IPA"..[10][11]

In modern Korean language, there are two types of I-mutation, or I-assimilation: I-forward-assimilation (Script error: No such module "Lang".) and I-backward-assimilation (Script error: No such module "Lang".). Assimilation occurs when ㅣ is in front of (forward) or behind (backward) the syllable. In standard Korean, only a few words are allowed to assimilate, however, exceptions are often observed in some dialects and casual usage.[12] I-forward-assimilation adds Script error: No such module "IPA". sound, but I-backward-assimilation causes vowel to umlaut.

  • Forward: Script error: No such module "Lang". (to bloom) Script error: No such module "IPA". → Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "Lang". (no) Script error: No such module "IPA". → Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA".
  • Backward: (Western Korean dialect) Script error: No such module "Lang". (baby) Script error: No such module "IPA". → Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "Lang". (mother) Script error: No such module "IPA". → Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "Lang". (meat) Script error: No such module "IPA". → Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA".

South Asia

Toda has fronting of u in the condition (C¹)_C²V where C² = {y, cc} or V = i, e.g. Tamil /puli/, Toda /pysj/.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.

Kannada raised e, o when next to i, e.g. Tamil eli, oli, Kannada ili, uli.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.

Sinhala had I-umlaut for a, e.g. Sanskrit ákṣi, Sinhala æsa.

Mongolic languages

In the development of the Eastern Mongolic languages, as well as Oirat and its varieties, I-mutation merged several reflexes of Proto-Mongolic back vowels *u, *o, and *a with their front vowel equivalents. Examples from Kalmyk Oirat include and *uri > Script error: No such module "IPA". (to summon), *morin > Script error: No such module "IPA". (horse), and *amin > Script error: No such module "IPA". (life).[13]

See also

References

  1. ^ See Fausto Cercignani, Early "Umlaut" Phenomena in the Germanic Languages, in «Language», 56/1, 1980, pp. 126-136.
  2. ^ See Fausto Cercignani, Alleged Gothic Umlauts, in "Indogermanische Forschungen", 85, 1980, pp. 207-213.
  3. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."umlaut | Etymology of umlaut by etymonline". www.etymonline.com. Retrieved 2024-03-21.
  4. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Starke, Frank (1990). Untersuchung zur Stammbildung des keilschrift-luwischen Nomens. Studien zu den Boǧazköy-Texten. Vol. 31. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. ISBN 3-447-02879-3.
  5. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Melchert, Craig H. (2012). Orioles, V. (ed.). "Genitive Case and Possessive Adjective in Anatolian" (PDF). Per Roberto Gusmani: Linguistica Storica e Teorica. Udine: Forum: 273–286.
  6. ^ Yakubovich, Ilya (2015) "The Luwian Language". Oxford Handbooks Online.
  7. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Sasseville, David (2017). "The Lydian nominal paradigm of i-mutation". Indo-European Linguistics. 5: 130–146. doi:10.1163/22125892-00501002.
  8. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Ahn, Sang-Cheol; Iverson, Gregory K. (2005). "Structured imbalances in the emergence of the Korean vowel system". In Salmons, Joseph C.; Dubenion-Smith, Shannon (eds.). Historical Linguistics 2005. Madison, WI: John Benjamins. pp. 275–293. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.557.3316. doi:10.1075/cilt.284.21ahn. ISBN 9789027247995.
  9. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Lee, Iksop; Ramsey, S. Robert (2000). The Korean Language. Albany, NY: SUNY Press. p. 66. ISBN 978-0791448311.
  10. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Kim-Renaud, Young-Key, ed. (1997). The Korean Alphabet: Its History and Structure. Honolulu: University of Hawaiʻi Press. pp. 169–170. ISBN 9780824817237.
  11. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Brown, Lucien; Yeon, Jaehoon, eds. (2015). The Handbook of Korean Linguistics. West Sussex, UK: Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 9781118370933.
  12. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."한국어 어문 규범". Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism. 2017-03-28. Archived from the original on 2023-11-30. Retrieved 2020-04-08.
  13. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Svantesson, Jan-Olof, ed. (2005). The phonology of Mongolian. The phonology of the world's languages. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-926017-1.
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