ISO 259
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Template:Short description ISO 259 is a series of international standards for the romanization of Hebrew characters into Latin characters, dating to 1984, with updated ISO 259-2 (a simplification, disregarding several vowel signs, 1994) and ISO 259-3 (Phonemic Conversion, 1999).
ISO 259
ISO 259, dating to the year 1984, is a transliteration of the Hebrew script, including the diacritical signs (niqqud) used for Biblical Hebrew.
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| Hebrew | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". | ||||||||||||
| Latin | Script error: No such module "lang". | Script error: No such module "lang". | Script error: No such module "lang". | Script error: No such module "lang". | Script error: No such module "lang". | Script error: No such module "lang". | Script error: No such module "lang". | Script error: No such module "lang". | Script error: No such module "lang". | Script error: No such module "lang". | Script error: No such module "lang". | Script error: No such module "lang". | Script error: No such module "lang". | ||||||||||||
The dagesh (dot inside the letter) is always transcribed with an overdot: ḃ, ġ, ż, etc. The apostrophe (Page Template:Script/styles hebrew.css has no content.׳) in the table above is the Hebrew sign geresh used after some letters to write down non-Hebrew sounds: Page Template:Script/styles hebrew.css has no content.ג׳ [d͡ʒ], Page Template:Script/styles hebrew.css has no content.ז׳ [ʒ], Page Template:Script/styles hebrew.css has no content.צ׳ [t͡ʃ], etc.[1]
ISO 259-2
ISO 259-2 simplifies the diacritical signs for vowels of ISO 259, and is designed for Modern Hebrew.
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| Latin | Script error: No such module "lang". | Script error: No such module "lang". | Script error: No such module "lang". | Script error: No such module "lang". | Script error: No such module "lang". | Script error: No such module "lang". | Script error: No such module "lang". | Script error: No such module "lang". | Script error: No such module "lang". | Script error: No such module "lang". | Script error: No such module "lang". | Script error: No such module "lang". | Script error: No such module "lang". | Script error: No such module "lang". | Script error: No such module "lang". | Script error: No such module "lang". | Script error: No such module "lang". | Script error: No such module "lang". | Script error: No such module "lang". | Script error: No such module "lang". | Script error: No such module "lang". | Script error: No such module "lang". | Script error: No such module "lang". | Script error: No such module "lang". | Script error: No such module "lang". | Script error: No such module "lang". | Script error: No such module "lang". | Script error: No such module "lang". | Script error: No such module "lang". |
| Hebrew | Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". | ||||||||||||||||||
| Latin | Script error: No such module "lang". | Script error: No such module "lang". | Script error: No such module "lang". | Script error: No such module "lang". | Script error: No such module "lang". | Script error: No such module "lang". | Script error: No such module "lang". | none | Script error: No such module "lang". | Script error: No such module "lang". | Script error: No such module "lang". | ||||||||||||||||||
The dagesh is not transcribed excepted in the indicated cases. The apostrophe (Page Template:Script/styles hebrew.css has no content.׳) in the table above is the Hebrew sign geresh used after some letters to write down non-Hebrew sounds.[1][2]
ISO 259-3
ISO 259-3 is Uzzi Ornan's romanization, which reached the stage of an ISO Final Draft (FDIS)[3] but not of a published International Standard (IS).[4] It is designed to deliver the common structure of the Hebrew word throughout the different dialects or pronunciation styles of Hebrew, in a way that it can be reconstructed into the original Hebrew characters by both man and machine.
It is neither a character-by-character transliteration nor a phonetic transcription of one pronunciation style of Hebrew, but is instead phonemic from the viewpoint that all the different dialects and pronunciations of Hebrew through the generations can be regarded as different realizations of the same structure, and by predefined reading rules every pronunciation style can be directly derived from it.
| Hebrew | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". |
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| Latin | Script error: No such module "lang". or Script error: No such module "lang". | Script error: No such module "lang". | Script error: No such module "lang". | Script error: No such module "lang". | Script error: No such module "lang". | Script error: No such module "lang". | Script error: No such module "lang". | Script error: No such module "lang". | ṭ | Script error: No such module "lang". | Script error: No such module "lang". | Script error: No such module "lang". | Script error: No such module "lang". | Script error: No such module "lang". | Script error: No such module "lang". | Script error: No such module "lang". or Script error: No such module "lang". | Script error: No such module "lang". | Script error: No such module "lang". or Script error: No such module "lang". | Script error: No such module "lang". | Script error: No such module "lang". | Script error: No such module "lang". | Script error: No such module "lang". | Script error: No such module "lang". | Script error: No such module "lang". | Script error: No such module "lang". | Script error: No such module "lang". |
| Hebrew | Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang".- | Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang".- Script error: No such module "Lang".- | Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Latin | Script error: No such module "lang". | Script error: No such module "lang". | Script error: No such module "lang". | Script error: No such module "lang". | Script error: No such module "lang". | Script error: No such module "lang". | none |
Each consonant character in the Hebrew script is converted into its unique Latin character. ISO 259-3 has five vowel characters, corresponding to the five vowel phonemes of Modern Hebrew: a, e, i, o, u. In addition there is a sixth sign for denoting the vowel Script error: No such module "IPA". or /e/ that is written followed by ⟨Page Template:Script/styles hebrew.css has no content.י⟩ in common Hebrew spelling: Script error: No such module "lang"..
The dagesh forte (gemination in Biblical Hebrew) is transcribed with a double consonant. Non-phonemic vowels are ignored, such as:
- schwa Page Template:Script/styles hebrew.css has no content.טְ, which is however transcribed with an underscore (_) between two identical consonants in order to distinguish it from a geminate consonant: Page Template:Script/styles hebrew.css has no content.יְלָדִים Script error: No such module "IPA". "boys" = yladim, Page Template:Script/styles hebrew.css has no content.הַלְלוּיָהּ Script error: No such module "IPA". "Hallelujah" = hal_luyah,
- "segolate" vowel (on the second to last consonant an unaccented vowel Page Template:Script/styles hebrew.css has no content.טֶ, which can also be the vowel Page Template:Script/styles hebrew.css has no content.חַ on some laryngeal consonants, or Page Template:Script/styles hebrew.css has no content.יִ, etc.) : Page Template:Script/styles hebrew.css has no content.גֹּלֶם Script error: No such module "IPA". "golem" = golm, Page Template:Script/styles hebrew.css has no content.צֹהַר Script error: No such module "IPA". "opening, window" = cohr,
- "furtive" pataḥ Page Template:Script/styles hebrew.css has no content.חַ (an unaccented Script error: No such module "IPA". sound before some final laryngeal consonants): Page Template:Script/styles hebrew.css has no content.רוּחַ Script error: No such module "IPA". "breeze, spirit" = ruḥ, but ISO 259-3 also allows (in section 5, "SIMPLIFIED VERSION"[5]) the transcription with a for non-linguistic purposes: ruaḥ.[5]
Though the official proposal for ISO-259-3 gives only C/c as the Latin character corresponding to Hebrew Page Template:Script/styles hebrew.css has no content.צ/Page Template:Script/styles hebrew.css has no content.ץ, Ornan also provided for its alternate romanization as Ç/ç, even writing in a 2008 paper[6] on the topic that it was his preference, and in an earlier 2003 paper[7] especially recommending the use of Ç/ç for use in the romanization of Hebrew placenames—for example, on Israeli road signs.
See also
References
Page Template:Reflist/styles.css has no content.
- ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Protokół 74. posiedzenia KSNG" [Record of the 74th meeting of KSNG] (PDF). KSNG (Commission on Standardization of Geographic Names outside Poland) (in Polish). 7 November 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 November 2015. Retrieved 20 November 2015.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link). - ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.ICCU (2009). "Appendice F: Traslitterazione o trascrizione di scritture diverse dall'alfabeto latino — 4. Ebraico". Regole italiane di catalogazione (REICAT) [Italian cataloguing rules] (PDF) (in Italian). pp. 359–360. ISBN 9788871071275.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) - ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Kuzar, Ron (2001). "Canaanite alternatives — Canaanite linguistic discourse". Hebrew and Zionism: A Discourse Analytic Cultural Study. Berlin & New York: Mouton de Gruyter. pp. 274–275. ISBN 3-11-016993-2.
- ^ Search for ISO 259 on the ISO website.
- ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.International Organization for Standardization (1999). "Information and Documentation—ISO-259-3: Conversion of Hebrew Characters into Latin Characters, Part 3: Phonemic Conversion (February)" (PDF). The Taub Faculty of Computer Science—Technion. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2022-12-29. Retrieved 2023-10-25.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Ornan, Uzzi (2008). "Hebrew Word Structure: Its Rendering in Pointing and in Latin Conversion". Hebrew Studies. 49 (1): 232. doi:10.1353/hbr.2008.0040. ISSN 2158-1681. S2CID 170852021.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Ornan, Uzzi (2003). "Latin Conversion of Hebrew: Grammatical, Full and Deficient". Hebrew Studies. 44 (1): 194, 202. doi:10.1353/hbr.2003.0027. ISSN 2158-1681. S2CID 170926663.
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