Isotopes of potassium

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Template:Short description Template:Infobox potassium isotopes Potassium (
19K) has 25 known isotopes from 34
K to 57
K as well as 31
K, as well as an unconfirmed report of 59
K.[1] Three of those isotopes occur naturally: the two stable forms 39
K (93.26%) and 41
K (6.72%), and the long-lived radioisotope 40
K (0.012%).

Naturally occurring radioactive 40
K decays with a half-life of 1.248×109 years. 89% of those decays are to stable 40
Ca by beta decay, whilst 11% are to 40
Ar by either electron capture or positron emission. This latter decay branch has produced an isotopic abundance of argon on Earth which differs greatly from that seen in gas giants and stellar spectra. 40
K has the longest known half-life for any positron-emitting nuclide.[2] The long half-life of this primordial radioisotope is caused by a highly spin-forbidden transition: 40
K has a nuclear spin of 4, while both of its decay daughters are even–even isotopes with spins of 0.

40
K occurs in natural potassium in sufficient quantity that large bags of potassium chloride commercial salt substitutes can be used as a radioactive source for classroom demonstrations.[citation needed] 40
K is the largest source of natural radioactivity in healthy animals and humans, greater even than 14
C. In a human body of 70 kg mass, about 4300 nuclei of 40
K decay per second.[3]

The decay of 40
K to 40
Ar is used in potassium-argon dating of rocks. Minerals are dated by measurement of the concentration of potassium and the amount of radiogenic 40
Ar that has accumulated. 40
K has also been extensively used as a radioactive tracer in studies of weathering.[citation needed]

All other potassium isotopes have half-lives under a day, most under a minute. The unbound 31
K was discovered in 2019 and emits three protons; its half-life was measured to be shorter than 10 picoseconds.[4][5]

Stable potassium isotopes have been used for several nutrient cycling studies since potassium is a macronutrient required for life.[6]

List of isotopes


Template:Isotopes table |-id=Potassium-31 | 31
K | style="text-align:right" | 19 | style="text-align:right" | 12 | 31.03678(32)# | style="text-align:center" | 2019 | <10 ps | p | 30Ar | 3/2+# | | |-id=Potassium-34 | 34K[7] | style="text-align:right" | 19 | style="text-align:right" | 15 | 33.998404(18) | style="text-align:center" | 2024 | | p | 33Ar | | | |-id=Potassium-35 | rowspan=2|35K | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 19 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 16 | rowspan=2|34.98800541(55) | rowspan=2 style="text-align:center" | 1976 | rowspan=2|175.2(19) ms | β+ (99.63%) | 35Ar | rowspan=2|3/2+ | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | β+, p (0.37%) | 34Cl |-id=Potassium-36 | rowspan=3|36K | rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 19 | rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 17 | rowspan=3|35.98130189(35) | rowspan=3 style="text-align:center" | 1967 | rowspan=3|341(3) ms | β+ (99.95%) | 36Ar | rowspan=3|2+ | rowspan=3| | rowspan=3| |- | β+, p (0.048%) | 35Cl |- | β+, α (0.0034%) | 32S |-id=Potassium-37 | 37K | style="text-align:right" | 19 | style="text-align:right" | 18 | 36.97337589(10) | style="text-align:center" | 1958 | 1.23651(94) s | β+ | 37Ar | 3/2+ | | |-id=Potassium-38 | 38K | style="text-align:right" | 19 | style="text-align:right" | 19 | 37.96908111(21) | style="text-align:center" | 1937 | 7.651(19) min | β+ | 38Ar | 3+ | | |-id=Potassium-38m1 | rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 38m1K | rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 130.15(4) keV | rowspan=2 style="text-align:center" | 1953 | rowspan=2|924.35(12) ms | β+ (99.97%) | 38Ar | rowspan=2|0+ | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | IT (0.0330%) | 38K |-id=Potassium-38m2 | style="text-indent:1em" | 38m2K | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 3458.10(17) keV | style="text-align:center" | 1974 | 21.95(11) μs | IT | 38K | (7)+ | | |-id=Potassium-39 | 39K | style="text-align:right" | 19 | style="text-align:right" | 20 | 38.9637064848(49) | style="text-align:center" | 1918 | colspan=3 align=center|Stable | 3/2+ | 0.932581(44) | |- | rowspan=3|40K[n 1][n 2] | rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 19 | rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 21 | rowspan=3|39.963998165(60) | rowspan=3 style="text-align:center" | 1935 | rowspan=3|1.248(3)×109 y | β− (89.28%) | 40Ca | rowspan=3|4− | rowspan=3|1.17(1)×10−4 | rowspan=3| |- | EC (10.72%) | rowspan=2|40Ar |- |- | β+ (0.001%)[8] |-id=Potassium-40m | style="text-indent:1em" | 40mK | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1643.638(11) keV | style="text-align:center" | 1968 | 336(12) ns | IT | 40K | 0+ | | |-id=Potassium-41 | 41K | style="text-align:right" | 19 | style="text-align:right" | 22 | 40.9618252561(40) | style="text-align:center" | 1921 | colspan=3 align=center|Stable | 3/2+ | 0.067302(44) | |-id=Potassium-42 | 42K | style="text-align:right" | 19 | style="text-align:right" | 23 | 41.96240231(11) | style="text-align:center" | 1935 | 12.355(7) h | β− | 42Ca | 2− | | |-id=Potassium-43 | 43K | style="text-align:right" | 19 | style="text-align:right" | 24 | 42.96073470(44) | style="text-align:center" | 1949 | 22.3(1) h | β− | 43Ca | 3/2+ | | |-id=Potassium-43m | style="text-indent:1em" | 43mK | colspan=3 style="text-indent:2em" | 738.30(6) keV | style="text-align:center" | 1975 | 200(5) ns | IT | 43K | 7/2− | | |-id=Potassium-44 | 44K | style="text-align:right" | 19 | style="text-align:right" | 25 | 43.96158698(45) | style="text-align:center" | 1954 | 22.13(19) min | β− | 44Ca | 2− | | |-id=Potassium-45 | 45K | style="text-align:right" | 19 | style="text-align:right" | 26 | 44.96069149(56) | style="text-align:center" | 1964 | 17.8(6) min | β− | 45Ca | 3/2+ | | |-id=Potassium-46 | 46K | style="text-align:right" | 19 | style="text-align:right" | 27 | 45.96198158(78) | style="text-align:center" | 1965 | 96.30(8) s | β− | 46Ca | 2− | | |-id=Potassium-47 | 47K | style="text-align:right" | 19 | style="text-align:right" | 28 | 46.9616616(15) | style="text-align:center" | 1964 | 17.38(3) s | β− | 47Ca | 1/2+ | | |-id=Potassium-48 | rowspan=2|48K | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 19 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 29 | rowspan=2|47.96534118(83) | rowspan=2 style="text-align:center" | 1972 | rowspan=2|6.83(14) s | β− (98.86%) | 48Ca | rowspan=2|1− | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | β−, n (1.14%) | 47Ca |-id=Potassium-49 | rowspan=2|49K | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 19 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 30 | rowspan=2|48.96821075(86) | rowspan=2 style="text-align:center" | 1972 | rowspan=2|1.26(5) s | β−, n (86%) | 48Ca | rowspan=2|1/2+ | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | β− (14%) | 49Ca |-id=Potassium-50 | rowspan=3|50K | rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 19 | rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 31 | rowspan=3|49.9723800(83) | rowspan=3 style="text-align:center" | 1972 | rowspan=3|472(4) ms | β− (71.4%) | 50Ca | rowspan=3|0− | rowspan=3| | rowspan=3| |- | β−, n (28.6%) | 49Ca |- | β−, 2n? | 48Ca |-id=Potassium-50m | style="text-indent:1em" | 50mK | colspan=3 style="text-indent:2em" | 172.0(4) keV | style="text-align:center" | 2010 | 125(40) ns | IT | 50K | (2−) | | |-id=Potassium-51 | rowspan=3|51K | rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 19 | rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 32 | rowspan=3|50.975828(14) | rowspan=3 style="text-align:center" | 1983 | rowspan=3|365(5) ms | β−, n (65%) | 50Ca | rowspan=3|3/2+ | rowspan=3| | rowspan=3| |- | β− (35%) | 51Ca |- | β−, 2n? | 49Ca |-id=Potassium-52 | rowspan=3|52K | rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 19 | rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 33 | rowspan=3|51.981602(36) | rowspan=3 style="text-align:center" | 1983 | rowspan=3|110(4) ms | β−, n (72.2%) | 51Ca | rowspan=3|2−# | rowspan=3| | rowspan=3| |- | β− (25.5%) | 52Ca |- | β−, 2n (2.3%) | 50Ca |-id=Potassium-53 | rowspan=3|53K | rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 19 | rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 34 | rowspan=3|52.98680(12) | rowspan=3 style="text-align:center" | 1983 | rowspan=3|30(5) ms | β−, n (64%) | 52Ca | rowspan=3|3/2+ | rowspan=3| | rowspan=3| |- | β− (26%) | 53Ca |- | β−, 2n (10%) | 51Ca |-id=Potassium-54 | rowspan=3|54K | rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 19 | rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 35 | rowspan=3|53.99447(43)# | rowspan=3 style="text-align:center" | 1983 | rowspan=3|10(5) ms | β− | 54Ca | rowspan=3|2−# | rowspan=3| | rowspan=3| |- | β−, n? | 53Ca |- | β−, 2n? | 52Ca |-id=Potassium-55 | rowspan=3|55K | rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 19 | rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 36 | rowspan=3|55.00051(54)# | rowspan=3 style="text-align:center" | 2009 | rowspan=3|10# ms
[>620 ns] | β−? | 55Ca | rowspan=3|3/2+# | rowspan=3| | rowspan=3| |- | β−, n? | 54Ca |- | β−, 2n? | 53Ca |-id=Potassium-56 | rowspan=3|56K | rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 19 | rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 37 | rowspan=3|56.00857(64)# | rowspan=3 style="text-align:center" | 2009 | rowspan=3|5# ms
[>620 ns] | β−? | 56Ca | rowspan=3|2−# | rowspan=3| | rowspan=3| |- | β−, n? | 55Ca |- | β−, 2n? | 54Ca |-id=Potassium-57 | rowspan=3|57K | rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 19 | rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 38 | rowspan=3|57.01517(64)# | rowspan=3 style="text-align:center" | 2018 | rowspan=3|2# ms
[>400 ns] | β−? | 57Ca | rowspan=3|3/2+# | rowspan=3| | rowspan=3| |- | β−, n? | 56Ca |- | β−, 2n? | 55Ca |-id=Potassium-59 | rowspan=3|59K[n 3] | rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 19 | rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 40 | rowspan=3|59.03086(86)# | rowspan=3 style="text-align:center" | 2018 | rowspan=3|1# ms
[>400 ns] | β−? | 59Ca | rowspan=3|3/2+# | rowspan=3| | rowspan=3| |- | β−, n? | 58Ca |- | β−, 2n? | 57Ca Template:Isotopes table/footer

See also

Daughter products other than potassium

References

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  1. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Neufcourt, Léo; Cao, Yuchen; Nazarewicz, Witold; et al. (14 February 2019). "Neutron Drip Line in the Ca Region from Bayesian Model Averaging". Physical Review Letters. 122 (6) 062502. arXiv:1901.07632. Bibcode:2019PhRvL.122f2502N. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.122.062502. PMID 30822058.
  2. ^ Of longer ones, only 50V and 138La are theoretically capable of it, but they are still more forbidden and have very low energy release.
  3. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Rowland RE. "The Radioactivity of the Normal Adult Body". rerowland.com. Archived from the original on 2011-02-05.
  4. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."A peculiar atom shakes up assumptions of nuclear structure". Nature. 573 (7773): 167. 6 September 2019. Bibcode:2019Natur.573T.167.. doi:10.1038/d41586-019-02655-9. PMID 31506620.
  5. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Kostyleva, D.; et al. (2019). "Towards the Limits of Existence of Nuclear Structure: Observation and First Spectroscopy of the Isotope 31K by Measuring Its Three-Proton Decay". Physical Review Letters. 123 (9) 092502. arXiv:1905.08154. Bibcode:2019PhRvL.123i2502K. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.123.092502. PMID 31524489. S2CID 159041565.
  6. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Soil potassium isotope composition during four million years of ecosystem development in Hawaiʻi". par.nsf.gov. June 2022.
  7. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Dronchi, N.; Charity, R. J.; Sobotka, L. G.; Brown, B. A.; Weisshaar, D.; Gade, A.; Brown, K. W.; Reviol, W.; Bazin, D.; Farris, P. J.; Hill, A. M.; Li, J.; Longfellow, B.; Rhodes, D.; Paneru, S. N.; Gillespie, S. A.; Anthony, A. K.; Rubino, E.; Biswas, S. (2024-09-12). "Evolution of shell gaps in the neutron-poor calcium region from invariant-mass spectroscopy of 37,38Sc, 35Ca, and 34K". Physical Review C. 110 (3). doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.110.L031302. ISSN 2469-9985. OSTI 2441307.
  8. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Engelkemeir, D. W.; Flynn, K. F.; Glendenin, L. E. (1962). "Positron Emission in the Decay of K40". Physical Review. 126 (5): 1818. Bibcode:1962PhRv..126.1818E. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.126.1818.

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