Iwi

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Template:Short description Template:DMCA Script error: No such module "about". Template:DMCA Iwi (Script error: No such module "IPA".) are the largest social units in New Zealand Māori society. In Māori, Script error: No such module "Lang". roughly means 'people' or 'nation',Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.[1] and is often translated as "tribe".[2] The word is both singular and plural in the Māori language, and is typically pluralised as such in English.

Script error: No such module "Lang". groups trace their ancestry to the original Polynesian migrants who, according to tradition, arrived from Hawaiki. Some Script error: No such module "Lang". cluster into larger groupings that are based on Script error: No such module "Lang". (genealogical tradition) and known as Script error: No such module "Lang". (literally 'canoes', with reference to the original migration voyages). These super-groupings are generally symbolic rather than logistical. In pre-European times, most Māori were allied to relatively small groups in the form of Script error: No such module "Lang". ('sub-tribes')Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. and Script error: No such module "Lang". ('family').Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. Each Script error: No such module "Lang". contains a number of Script error: No such module "Lang".; among the Script error: No such module "Lang". of the Ngāti Whātua iwi, for example, are Te Uri-o-Hau, Te Roroa, Te Taoū, and Ngāti Whātua-o-Ōrākei. Māori use the word rohe for the territory or boundaries of iwi.[3]

In modern-day New Zealand, Script error: No such module "Lang". can exercise significant political power in the management of land and other assets. For example, the 1997 Treaty of Waitangi settlement between the New Zealand Government and Ngāi Tahu compensated Script error: No such module "Lang". for various losses of the rights guaranteed under the Treaty of Waitangi of 1840. As of 2019 the tribe has collective assets under management of $1.85 billion.[4] Script error: No such module "Lang". affairs can have a real impact on New Zealand politics and society. A 2004 attempt by some Script error: No such module "Lang". to test in court their ownership of the seabed and foreshore areas polarised public opinion (see New Zealand foreshore and seabed controversy).

Naming

In Māori and many other Polynesian languages, Script error: No such module "Lang". literally means 'bone',[5] derived from Proto-Oceanic *suRi₁, meaning 'thorn, splinter, fish bone'.[6] Māori may refer to returning home after travelling or living elsewhere as "going back to the bones" — literally to the burial areas of ancestors. Māori author Keri Hulme's novel The Bone People (1985) has a title linked directly to this dual meaning of bone and "tribal people".

Many Script error: No such module "Lang". names begin with Script error: No such module "Lang". or with Script error: No such module "Lang". (from Script error: No such module "Lang". and Script error: No such module "Lang". respectively, both meaning roughly 'the offspring of'). Script error: No such module "Lang". has become a productive morpheme in New Zealand English to refer to groups of people: examples are Ngāti Pākehā (Pākehā as a group), Ngāti Pōneke (Māori who have migrated to the Wellington region), and Ngāti Rānana (Māori living in London). Ngāti Tūmatauenga ("Tribe of Tūmatauenga", the god of war) is the official Māori-language name of the New Zealand Army. Hawaiian navigator Nainoa Thompson and his crew upon the Hōkūleʻa canoe were inducted among the Te Tai Tokerau Māori by James Henare as the iwi of Ngāti Ruawāhia (“Tribe of the Arcturus”) after their successful voyage from Rarotonga to Waitangi in 1985, the admission of Ngāti Ruawāhia was formalised in 2018.[7]

In the southern dialect of Māori, Ngāti and Ngāi become Script error: No such module "Lang". and Script error: No such module "Lang"., terms found in such iwi names as Kāti Māmoe and Kāi Tahu (also known as Ngāi Tahu).

Structure

Each Script error: No such module "Lang". has a generally recognised territory (Script error: No such module "Lang".), but many of these overlap, sometimes completely.[8] This has added a layer of complication to the long-running discussions and court cases about how to resolve historical Treaty claims. The length of coastline emerged as one factor in the final (2004) legislation to allocate fishing-rights in settlement of claims relating to commercial fisheries.

Self-determination

Script error: No such module "Lang". can become a prospective vehicle for ideas and ideals of self-determination and/or Script error: No such module "Lang".. Thus does Te Pāti Māori mention in the preamble of its constitution "the dreams and aspirations of Script error: No such module "Lang". to achieve self-determination for Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang". and Script error: No such module "Lang". within their own land".[9] Some Tūhoe envisage self-determination in specifically Script error: No such module "Lang".-oriented terms.[10]

Iwi identity

Increasing urbanisation of Māori has led to a situation where a significant percentage do not identify with any particular Script error: No such module "Lang".. The following extract from a 2000 High Court of New Zealand judgment discussing the process of settling fishing rights illustrates some of the issues:

... 81 per cent of Maori now live in urban areas, at least one-third live outside their tribal influence, more than one-quarter do not know their iwi or for some reason do not choose to affiliate with it, at least 70 per cent live outside the traditional tribal territory and these will have difficulties, which in many cases will be severe, in both relating to their tribal heritage and in accessing benefits from the settlement. It is also said that many Maori reject tribal affiliation because of a working-class unemployed attitude, defiance and frustration. Related but less important factors, are that a hapu may belong to more than one iwi, a particular hapu may have belonged to different iwi at different times, the tension caused by the social and economic power moving from the iwi down rather than from the hapu up, and the fact that many iwi do not recognise spouses and adoptees who do not have kinship links.[11]

In the 2006 census, 16 per cent of the 643,977 people who claimed Māori ancestry did not know their Script error: No such module "Lang".. Another 11 per cent did not state their Script error: No such module "Lang"., or stated only a general geographic region, or merely gave a Script error: No such module "Lang". name.[12] Initiatives like the Iwi Helpline are trying to make it easier for people to identify their Script error: No such module "Lang".,[13] and the proportion who "don't know" dropped relative to previous censuses.[12]

Pan-tribalism

Some established pan-tribal organisations may[<span title="Script error: No such module "decodeEncode".">according to whom?] exert influence across Script error: No such module "Lang". divisions.[citation needed] The Rātana Church, for example, operates across Script error: No such module "Lang". divisions, and the Māori King Movement, though principally congregated around Waikato/Tainui, aims to transcend some Script error: No such module "Lang". functions in a wider grouping.[citation needed]

Major iwi

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Largest iwi by population

  1. Ngāpuhi – 165,201 (in 2018) – based in the Northland Region
  2. Ngāti Porou – 92,349 (in 2018) – based in Gisborne Region and East Cape
  3. Waikato Tainui – 84,030 (in 2018)[14] – based in the Waikato Region
  4. Ngāti Kahungunu – 82,239 (in 2018) based on the East Coast of the North Island.
  5. Ngāi Tahu/ Kāi Tahu – 74,082[14](in 2018) based in the South Island.
  6. Te Arawa – 60,719 (in 2018) – based in the Bay of Plenty Region
  7. Ngāti Tūwharetoa – 47,930 (in 2018) – based in the central North Island.
  8. Ngāi Tūhoe – 46,479 (in 2018)[14] – based in Te Urewera and Whakatāne
  9. Ngāti Maniapoto – 45,719 (in 2018) – based in Waikato and Waitomo
  10. Ngāti Raukawa – 31,029 (in 2023) – based in Waikato, Manawatū–Whanganui, and Greater Wellington.

Other iwi by population

  1. No affiliation – 110,928 (in 2013) – includes New-Zealand-based Māori with no Script error: No such module "Lang". affiliation
  2. Te Hiku, or Muriwhenua – 33,711 (in 2013) – group of Script error: No such module "Lang". and Script error: No such module "Lang". in the Northland region
  3. Te Āti Awa – 23,094 (in 2013) – group of Script error: No such module "Lang". and Script error: No such module "Lang". in Taranaki and Wellington
  4. Hauraki Māori – 14,313 (in 2013) – group of Script error: No such module "Lang". and Script error: No such module "Lang". at or around the Hauraki Gulf

Other notable iwi

Iwi radio

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Many Script error: No such module "Lang". operate or are affiliated with media organisations. Most of these belong to Script error: No such module "Lang". (the National Māori Radio Network), a group of radio stations which receive contestable Government funding from Te Māngai Pāho (the Māori Broadcast Funding Agency) to operate on behalf of Script error: No such module "Lang". and Script error: No such module "Lang".. Under their funding agreement, the stations must produce programmes in the local Māori language and actively promote local Māori culture.[15]

A two-year Massey University survey of 30,000 people published in 2003 indicated 50 per cent of Māori in National Māori Radio Network broadcast areas listened to an Script error: No such module "Lang". station.[16] An Auckland University of Technology study in 2009 suggested the audience of Script error: No such module "Lang". radio stations would increase as the growing New Zealand Māori population tried to keep a connection to their culture, family history, spirituality, community, language and Script error: No such module "Lang"..[17]

The Victoria University of Wellington Te Reo Māori Society campaigned for Māori radio, helping to set up Te Reo o Poneke, the first Māori-owned radio operation, using airtime on Wellington student-radio station Radio Active in 1983.[18] Twenty-one Script error: No such module "Lang". radio stations were set up between 1989 and 1994, receiving Government funding in accordance with a Treaty of Waitangi claim.[19] This group of radio stations formed various networks, becoming Script error: No such module "Lang"..[20]

Notes

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  1. ^ See also: Durie, A. (1999). Emancipatory Māori education: Speaking from the heart. In S. May (Ed.), Indigenous community education (pp. 67–78). Philadelphia, PA: Multilingual Matters.
    - See also: Healey, S. M. (2006). The nature of the relationship of the Crown in New Zealand with iwi Māori. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Auckland, New Zealand.
    - See also: Sharp, A. (1999). What if value and rights lie foundationally in groups? The Maori case. Critical Review of International, Social and Political Philosophy, 2(2), 1–28.
  2. ^ Taylor, R. (1848). A leaf from the natural history of New Zealand, or, A vocabulary of its different productions, &c., &c., with their native names Script error: No such module "webarchive"..
    - White, J. (1887). The ancient history of the Maori, his mythology and traditions Script error: No such module "webarchive"..
    - Smith, S. P. (1910). Maori wars of the nineteenth century; the struggle of the northern against the southern Maori tribes prior to the colonisation of New Zealand in 1840 Script error: No such module "webarchive"..
    - Best, E. (1934). The Maori as he was: A brief account of Maori life as it was in pre-European days Script error: No such module "webarchive"..
    - Buck, P. (1949). The coming of the Maori.
  3. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Glossary of Māori terms". Te Kete Ipurangi – New Zealand Government. Archived from the original on 10 October 2024. Retrieved 5 April 2020.
  4. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."2019 Annual Report". Te Rūnanga o Ngāi Tahu. 21 November 2019. Archived from the original on 22 May 2022. Retrieved 1 July 2022.
  5. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Iwi: glossary definition". National Library of New Zealand. Archived from the original on 14 December 2011. Retrieved 9 September 2012.
  6. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Blust, Robert; Trussel, Stephen (2010). "*suRi₁: thorn, splinter, fish bone". Austronesian Comparative Dictionary. Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. Retrieved 30 September 2022.
  7. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Moananuiākea: Aotearoa". Kaʻiwakīloumoku Hawaiian Cultural Center. Kamehameha Schools. Retrieved 21 June 2025.
    – Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Ngāti Ruawāhia, The Sixth Tribe of Tai Tokerau Convenes at Aurere" (PDF). 10 February 2018.
  8. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Waitangi Tribunal – About the Reports". Archived from the original on 10 March 2007. Retrieved 4 June 2006.
  9. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."The Rules of the Maori Party". The Māori Party. Archived from the original on 14 October 2008. Retrieved 7 September 2008. The Maori Party is born of the dreams and aspirations of tangata whenua to achieve self-determination for whānau, hapū and iwi within their own land; to speak with a strong, independent and united voice; and to live according to kaupapa handed down by our ancestors. The vision for the Maori Party will be based on these aspirations [...]
  10. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Tahana, Yvonne (9 August 2008). "Tuhoe leader backs self rule". The New Zealand Herald. Auckland: APN. Retrieved 7 September 2008. Calls from Maori activist Tame Iti for self-government arrangements for the Tuhoe tribe similar to those Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland have in the UK have been backed by a leader likely to negotiate the tribe's Treaty settlement. ... While other iwi have focused on economic transfer of assets as a way of achieving tino rangatiratanga or self-determination, Tuhoe have spelled out their intention to negotiate constitutional issues.
  11. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Thompson – vs – Treaty of Waitangi Fisheries Commission". Archived from the original on 25 February 2012. Retrieved 11 June 2010.
  12. ^ a b Table 30, QuickStats About Māori Script error: No such module "webarchive"., 2006 Census. Wellington: Statistics New Zealand.
  13. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Iwi Helpline" (PDF). teohu.maori.nz. Te Ohu. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 October 2011. Retrieved 13 September 2016.
  14. ^ a b c Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Demographics". Te Whata. Archived from the original on 1 February 2023. Retrieved 1 February 2023.
  15. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Iwi Radio Coverage" (PDF). maorimedia.co.nz. Māori Media Network. 2007. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 February 2013. Retrieved 14 June 2015.
  16. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."The hidden success of Māori radio". Massey University. 1 August 2003. Archived from the original on 22 August 2018. Retrieved 20 September 2015.
  17. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Robie, David (1 May 2009). "Diversity reportage in Aotearoa: demographics and the rise of the ethnic media" (PDF). Pacific Journalism Review. 15 (1). Auckland: 67–91. doi:10.24135/pjr.v15i1.965. hdl:10292/2313. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 September 2015. Retrieved 20 September 2015.
  18. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Walker, Piripi (22 October 2014). "First iwi radio station". Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Ministry for Culture and Heritage. Retrieved 20 September 2015.
  19. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Smith, Cherryl Waerea-I-Te Rangi Smith (1994). Kimihia Te Maramatanga: Colonisation and Iwi Development (PDF). Auckland: University of Auckland. pp. 119–141. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 20 September 2015.
  20. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Maori Radio Upgrade Project". avc-group.eu. AVC Group. Retrieved 19 September 2015.

References

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