Izon language

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Izon
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Native toNigeria
RegionRivers State, Bayelsa, Delta, Ondo and Edo States
EthnicityIjaw
Native speakers
5 million[1] (2024)Template:Ethnologue25 does not exist
Niger–Congo?
Latin
Language codes
ISO 639-3ijc
Glottologizon1238
ELPTemplate:Endangered Languages Project
LinguasphereTemplate:Infobox language/lingualist
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Izon (Script error: No such module "Lang".), also known as Central Izon language, Ijaw, Izon and Uzo, is the dominant Ijaw language, spoken by a majority of the Ijaw people of Nigeria.[2][3][4]

There are about thirty dialects, all mutually intelligible, of which there are Gbanran, Ekpetiama and Kolokuma etc. Kolokuma is the language of education.[5]

In June 2013, the Izon Fie instructional book and audio CDs were launched at a ceremony attended by officials of the government of Bayelsa State.[6] The government of Bayelsa State official employed 30 teachers to teach the Central Izon language in primary schools in the state in order to save the language from extinction.[7]

General information and history

While there are approximately 1.7 million speakers[8] of all Ijo languages in Nigeria,[9] it is believed[by whom?] that there are only a little over 1 million Izon speakers. The language is currently classified as "at risk", with a 20% certainty based on the evidence available. Izon is recognized as having been present in the region several millennia before the 15th century when the Portuguese arrived at the Nigerian coast. At present, linguists approximate that the language became established in the Niger Delta[10] region[11] as many as seven to eight thousand years ago.

The Ijo people did not call the Niger Delta region home for all of history; in fact, it is known that there have been ancient movements from far-away places/from the edges of the Niger Delta. Because of this, Izon is closely related to a variety of other languages from surrounding areas, beyond the confines of Nigeria towards the sources of the Niger River near West Africa. Linguists have traced the pre-history of Izon far back and collectively refer to its roots as proto-ijo, the language from which all existing Ijo dialects came into existence.[12]

Dialects

An Izon dialect classification from Blench (2019) is given as:[13]

Ịzọn
  • West: Arogbo, Fụrụpagha, W. Olodiama, Egbema, Gbaramatu, Ogulagha, Iduwini
  • Central
    • North
      • Northeast: Gbanraịn, Kolokuma, Ekpetiama
      • Northwest: Ikibiri, Ogboin, W. Tarakiri, Kabo, Kumbo, Mein, Tuomọ, Sembiri, Operemọ, Ọbọtẹbẹ, Ogbe Ịjọ
    • South
      • Southwest: Apọị, Koluama, Basan, E. Olodiama
      • Southeast: Oiyakiri, Oporomọ, Ḅụmọ

Preservation efforts

In recent efforts to prevent the Izon language from extinction, the Bayelsa State Government has taken great preservation measures. They have employed over thirty teachers to teach the Izon language in local schools within the state.[14] The Commissioner for Culture and Ijaw National Affairs, Dr. Felix Tuodolo fears that because families are now teaching their children Pidgin-English, as opposed to Izon, that the language is now at critical risk for extinction.[14] As a means of furthering the government's dedication to preserving the cultural language, a number of books have been written in Izon dialects to assist in this process.

Phonology

Consonants

Labial Alveolar Palatal Velar Labio-
velar
Plosive voiceless p t k k͡p
voiced b d ɡ ɡ͡b
Fricative voiceless f s
voiced v z (ɣ)
Nasal m n ŋ
Lateral l
Tap ɾ
Approximant j w
  • A voiced velar fricative [ɣ] occurs as an extra phoneme among speakers of different dialects. However, it does not exist in most dialects.
  • A glottal [h] is only existent in interjections, not as a phoneme.
  • /s, z/ are in free variation with postalveolar sounds [ʃ, d͡ʒ] in loanwords borrowed from English.[15]

Vowels

Front Central Back
Close i u
Near-close ɪ ʊ
Close-mid e o
Open-mid ɛ ɔ
Open a

Syntax

  • The Izon language does not make singular-plural distinctions in verbs, as opposed to what is done in English. Therefore, regardless of whether or not the subject is singular or plural, the same form of the verb is used. Such a system is evident in the following examples:
Izon sample sentence English translation
Kiri ma se ke u sei mini ye. He dances at all times.
Kiri ma se ke a sei mini ye. She dances at all times.
Kiri ma se ke wo sei mini ye. We dance at all times.
Kiri ma se ke oni sei mini ye. They dance at all times.

In each of the four Izon sentences above, the same form of the verb "sei" (dance) is used, even when the plurality of the subject changes.

  • Another interesting aspect of Izon Syntax is its Demonstrative Agreement. A variety of demonstratives are used in Izon to indicate the gender of the nouns that coincide with them. The demonstratives "bei" (this) and "u bei" (that) are used with singular-masculine nouns, for instance:
bei ki.mi. bei (this man) bei owu bei (this masquerade)
u bei ki.mi. bei (that man) u bei owu bei (that masquerade)

The demonstrative "ma" (this) and "u ma" (that) coincide with singular feminine nouns as follows:

ma iyo. ro. arau. ma (this woman) u ma iyo. ro. arau. ma (that woman)
ma ere ma (this wife) u ma ere ma (that wife)

In addition, "mi" (this) and "u mi" (that) are used with singular neuter nouns, for example:

mi ololo mi (this bottle) u mi ololo mi (that bottle)
mi bira mi (this hand) u mi bira mi (that hand)

When there is a plural noun present, the demonstrative "ma" (these) and "u ma" (those) are used, regardless of the gender of the noun. This can be seen in the following:

ma ere abu ma (these wives) u ma ere abu ma (those wives)
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ma akimi ma (these men) u ma akimi ma (those men)

Additional linguistic information

Izon can be considered distinct from many other related languages in the region, in the sense that it follows a SOV (subject-object-verb) format, both in simple and complex sentences. Additionally, directional and locative phrases also precede the main verb. Tense marking takes the form of a suffix on the final verb. Location markers and other preposition-like articles are suffixed to the nouns that they relate to. Possessor typically precedes possessed and adjectives precede the nouns they modify.

Sample vocabulary list

Izon Word English Translation
abadị́ ocean; sea
agbaị-áràụ girlfriend; (female) lover
báka to be confused; confounded
dụlụkpụụ́ dirty (clothes, people)
fịkịmí dead person; corpse
gbísì cat
ingbekeé unusually big
ịngịọrịị́ to rejoice (in a festive mood)
kọrọngbọọ́ thin; amaciated
músu to become moist; be damp
peuu describes a well-roofed house

See also

Bibliography

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  1. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."MINA Ijaw Population Report 2024 Estimate | PDF | Nigeria". Scribd. Retrieved 21 May 2025.
  2. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."MINA Ijaw Population Report 2024 Estimate | PDF | Nigeria". Scribd. Retrieved 21 May 2025.
  3. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Who are the Izons | Izon Ebi Association". Retrieved 30 June 2024.
  4. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Being Ijaw in the UK: An oddity among fellow Nigerian youth". www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved 11 April 2022.
  5. ^ Cite error: The named reference e25 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  6. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Garba, Kabir Alabi (8 June 2013). "Izon Fie… Popularising An Indigenous Tongue". The Guardian. Lagos, Nigeria. Retrieved 15 June 2013.
  7. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Bayelsa moves to save Izon language from extinction". Vanguard. Lagos, Nigeria. 3 November 2015. Retrieved 18 September 2021.
  8. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."The State of Ịzọn in Bayelsa State Schools | PDF | Vowel | Consonant". Scribd. Retrieved 30 June 2024.[better source needed]
  9. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Nigeria | History, Population, Flag, Map, Languages, Capital, & Facts | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 9 March 2022.
  10. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Niger Delta Avengers threaten return, vow to crash economy". The Guardian. Lagos, Nigeria. 27 June 2021. Retrieved 10 March 2022.
  11. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."IZON: The Historical Perspective By Professor E. J. Alagoa". www.waado.org. Archived from the original on 16 September 2021. Retrieved 16 September 2021.
  12. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."BRIEF HISTORY OF THE IJO PEOPLE – Ijaw (IZON) World Studies". Retrieved 30 June 2024.
  13. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Blench, Roger (2019). An Atlas of Nigerian Languages (4th ed.). Cambridge: Kay Williamson Educational Foundation.
  14. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Bayelsa moves to save Izon language from extinction". Vanguard. Lagos, Nigeria. 3 November 2015. Retrieved 16 September 2021.
  15. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Williamson, Kay (1965). A Grammar of the Kolokuma Dialect of Ịjọ. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press in association with West African Linguistic Society, University of Ibadan, Nigeria.[page needed]

Further reading

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Izon language test of Wikipedia at Wikimedia Incubator

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