Jack pine

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Young jack pine
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Scientific classification Edit this classification
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Binomial name
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Native range
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Synonyms[1][2][3]

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Jack pine (Pinus banksiana), also known as grey pine[6] or scrub pine,[6][7] is a species of North American pine.

Description

Pinus banksiana ranges from 9–22 metres (30–72 ft) in height. Some jack pines are shrub-sized, due to poor growing conditions. Although it varies among populations, jack pine trees do not usually grow particularly straight, resulting in an irregular shape similar to that of pitch pine (Pinus rigida). This pine often forms pure stands on sandy or rocky soil. Many populations are adapted to stand-replacing fires, with the cones remaining closed for many years, until a forest fire kills the mature trees and opens the cones, reseeding the burnt ground. Other populations have not been shaped by regular stand-replacing fires and have reduced serotiny.[8][9] A population on the Maine coast is apparently not reliant on fire for reproduction,[10] and some stands have developed several age classes.[11] Populations with lower serotiny are often found on soils that are in some way limiting to faster-growing competition, such as soils shallow to bedrock, shallow to water table, or very young soils.[12]

Its leaves are needle-shaped, evergreen, in fascicles of two, needle-like, straight or slightly twisted, stiff, sharp-pointed, light yellowish-green, spread apart; edges toothed and Page Template:Fraction/styles.css has no content.2–4 cm (3⁄4–1+1⁄2 in) long. The bundle-sheath is persistent. The buds are blunt pointed, up to 15 mm long, reddish-brown, and resinous. On vigorous shoots, there is more than one cyclic component. The bark is thin, reddish-brown to gray in color in juvenile stages. As the tree matures it becomes dark brown and flaky. The wood is moderately hard and heavy, weak, light brown colour. The seed cones vary in shape, being rectangular to oval, cone shaped, straight or curved inward.[13] The cones are Page Template:Fraction/styles.css has no content.3–5 cm (1+1⁄4–2 in) long, the scales with a small, fragile prickle that usually wears off before maturity, leaving the cones smooth.

Unusually for a pine, the cones normally point forward along the branch, sometimes curling around it. That is an easy way to tell it apart from the similar lodgepole pine in more western areas of North America. The cones on many mature trees are serotinous. They open when exposed to intense heat, greater than or equal to 50 °C (122 °F).[14]

Taxonomy

In the far west of its range, P. banksiana hybridizes readily with the closely related lodgepole pine (P. contorta).

The species epithet banksiana is after the English botanist Sir Joseph Banks.[15]

Distribution and habitat

Its native range in Canada is east of the Rocky Mountains from the Mackenzie River in the Northwest Territories to Cape Breton Island in Nova Scotia, and the north-central and northeast of the United States from Minnesota to Maine, with the southernmost part of the range just into northwest Indiana and northwest Pennsylvania.[16]

Ecology

File:Pinus banksiana forest.jpg
P. banksiana forest with Vaccinium groundcover in Neil's Harbour, Nova Scotia

Kirtland's warbler (Setophaga kirtlandii), a formerly endangered bird, depends on pure stands of young jack pine in a very limited area in the north of the Lower and Upper Peninsulas of Michigan for breeding. Most known nesting areas are limited to Crawford, Oscoda, and Ogemaw counties.[17] Mature jack pine forests are usually open and blueberries are often abundant in the understory.

Young jack pines are an alternate host for sweet fern blister rust (Cronartium comptoniae). Infected sweet ferns (Comptonia peregrina) release powdery orange spores in the summer and nearby trees become infected in the fall. Diseased trees show vertical orange cankers on the trunk and galls on the lower branches. The disease does not tend to affect older trees.[18]

Jack pines are also susceptible to scleroderris canker (Gremmeniella abietina). This disease manifests by yellowing at the base of the needles. Prolonged exposure may lead to eventual death of the tree.[18]

Insects that attack jack pine stands include the white pine weevil (Pissodes strobi), Swaine jack pine sawfly (Neodiprion swainei), and jack pine budworm (Choristoneura pinus).[18]

Fossil evidence shows the jack pine survived the glacial period in the Appalachian and Ozark Mountains.[19]

Uses

Like other species of pine, Pinus banksiana has use as timber, although its wood tends to be knotty and not highly resistant to decay. Products include pulpwood, fuel, decking, and utility poles.[15]

References

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  1. ^ Script error: No such module "template wrapper". Note that this website has been superseded by World Flora Online
  2. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Jack pine". World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Archived from the original on October 21, 2020.
  3. ^ Script error: No such module "template wrapper".
  4. ^ Template:Cite iucn
  5. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.NatureServe (2024). "Pinus banksiana". Arlington, Virginia. Retrieved 5 September 2024.
  6. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.New Brunswick House of Assembly (1847). Reports Relating to the Project of Constructing a Railway and a Line of Electro-magnetic Telegraph Through the Province of New Brunswick from Halifax to Quebec. J. Simpson.
  7. ^ Template:Silvics
  8. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Gauthier, Sylvie; Bergeron, Yves; Simon, Jean-Pierre (1996). "Effects of Fire Regime on the Serotiny Level of Jack Pine". Journal of Ecology. 84 (4): 539–548. Bibcode:1996JEcol..84..539G. doi:10.2307/2261476. ISSN 0022-0477. JSTOR 2261476.
  9. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Pelletier, Emmanuelle; de Lafontaine, Guillaume (February 2023). "Jack pine of all trades: Deciphering intraspecific variability of a key adaptive trait at the rear edge of a widespread fire-embracing North American conifer". American Journal of Botany. 110 (2) e16111. Bibcode:2023AmJB..11016111P. doi:10.1002/ajb2.16111. ISSN 0002-9122. PMID 36462149.
  10. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Conkey, Laura E.; Keifer, Mary Beth; Lloyd, Andrea H. (January 1995). "Disjunct jack pine ( Pinus banksiana Lamb.) structure and dynamics, Acadia National Park, Maine". Écoscience. 2 (2): 168–176. Bibcode:1995Ecosc...2..168C. doi:10.1080/11956860.1995.11682281. ISSN 1195-6860.
  11. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Barton, Andrew M.; Grenier, Daniel J. (April 2008). "Dynamics of jack pine at the southern range boundary in downeast Maine". Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 38 (4): 733–743. Bibcode:2008CaJFR..38..733B. doi:10.1139/X07-176. ISSN 0045-5067.
  12. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Chun, Young Moon; Choi, Young D. (October 2012). "Structure, Species Composition, and Soil Characteristics in a Chronosequence of Jack Pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) Stands on the Southern Shore of Lake Michigan". The American Midland Naturalist. 168 (2): 408–426. doi:10.1674/0003-0031-168.2.408. ISSN 0003-0031.
  13. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Moore, Gerry; Kershner, Bruce; Tufts, Craig; Mathews, Daniel; Nelson, Gil; Spellenberg, Richard; Thieret, John W.; Purinton, Terry; Block, Andrew (2008). National Wildlife Federation Field Guide to Trees of North America. New York: Sterling. p. 68. ISBN 978-1-4027-3875-3.
  14. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Cameron, H. (1953). "Melting Point of the Bonding Material in Lodgepole Pine and Jack Pine Cones". Silviculture Leaflet (86).
  15. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Pinus banksiana Lamb" (PDF). Center for Wood Anatomy Research, Forest Products Library, United States Forest Service. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-03-08. Retrieved 2010-12-27.
  16. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Grimm, William Carey (1962). The Book Of Trees. Harrisburg, Pennsylvania: The Stackpole Company. p. 55.
  17. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."USFWS: Managing the forest for the Kirtland's warbler". www.fws.gov. Retrieved 2021-10-05.
  18. ^ a b c Blouin, Glen. An Eclectic Guide to Trees: east of the rockies. 2001. Boston Mills Press, Erin, Ontario. pp 152-159.
  19. ^ Trees of Canada; Author John Laird Farrar
  • Page Template:Sister-inline/styles.css has no content.Script error: No such module "Sister project logo". Media related to Script error: No such module "Commons link". at Wikimedia Commons

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