James Pitman

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Template:Short description Script error: No such module "about". Template:DMCA Template:DMCA

Page Module:Infobox/styles.css has no content.

Sir James Pitman
KBE
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:InfoboxImage/data' not found.
BornScript error: No such module "person date".
Kensington
DiedScript error: No such module "person date".
Kensington
EducationMaster of Arts in Modern History
Alma materSummer Fields School, Eton College and Christ Church, Oxford
EmployerTemplate:Pluralize from textTemplate:Pluralize from text
OrganizationTemplate:Pluralize from textTemplate:Pluralize from text
AgentTemplate:Pluralize from textTemplate:Pluralize from text
Known forinitial teaching alphabet
Notable creditTemplate:Pluralize from textTemplate:Pluralize from text
LabelTemplate:Pluralize from textTemplate:Pluralize from text
Notable workAlphabets & Reading, the Initial Teaching Alphabet
Political party
Conservative Party
OpponentTemplate:Pluralize from textTemplate:Pluralize from text
Template:Pluralize from text
SpouseTemplate:Pluralize from textHon. Margaret Beaufort Lawson-Johnston (Order of Mercy)Template:Pluralize from text
PartnerTemplate:Pluralize from textTemplate:Pluralize from text
ChildrenMargaret Pitman, Michael Ian Pitman, Peter John Pitman, David Christian Pitman
ParentsPage Template:Plainlist/styles.css has no content.
  • Ernest Pitman (father)
  • Frances Pitman née Butler (mother)
Template:Pluralize from text
RelativesSiblings: Christian Pitman, Major John Pitman, Honor Isabel Pitman, Diana O. Pitman, Captain Peter Pitman Butler
Grandfather: Sir Isaac Pitman

Script error: No such module "Check for conflicting parameters".Script error: No such module "Check for deprecated parameters".

Sir Isaac James Pitman, KBE (14 August 1901 – 1 September 1985) was a publisher, senior civil servant, politician, and educationalist with a lifelong passion for etymology, orthography, and pedagogy. He attempted to improve children's literacy in the English-speaking world by means of an interim teaching orthography, known as the Initial Teaching Alphabet (ITA). He was honoured with a knighthood in 1961 for his life accomplishments.

James Pitman followed his grandfather, Isaac Pitman, by exploring and expanding the pedagogical theories on teaching children to read the English language. Pitman obsessively studied English etymology, alphabets and orthography. He then argued that the overarching cause of reading difficulty in children was the phonetic irregularity of the English language. He compiled and published his analysis in his major work, Alphabets and Reading (1965).

Pitman postulated that if children were taught using an interim orthography consisting of an alphabet and spelling system which were phonetically regular, then they would learn to read quickly and easily and so alleviate the problem of poor literacy which plagued the English-speaking world. He used his position as a leading politician and educationalist along with the resources and connections from his global printing and publishing business to develop and launch the Initial Teaching Alphabet (ITA), which was initially taken up rapidly with its use expanding to 4,000 schools in the UK and 17,000 schools worldwide, before falling out of favour in the 1970s.

Early life

File:Eton College Coat of Arms.jpg
Pitman attended Eton College
File:Christ Church Oxford - Tom Gate - Etching J Whessell.jpg
Pitman attended Christ Church, Oxford

Isaac James Pitman was born in Kensington, London, on the 14th of August 1901. His father was Ernest Pitman, and his mother was Frances Isabel Pitman, née Butler. He was the eldest child in the family and had five other siblings, but three were killed in the Second World War:[1]

  • Christian Ernest Pitman, born 28 Nov 1902[2]
  • Major John Pitman, born 22 Jan 1907 (killed in military action in Palestine, during World War II)[3][4]
  • Captain Peter Pitman Butler, born 05 Mar 1911 (killed in military action in Egypt, during World War II) [5][4]
  • First Officer Honor Isabel Pitman, (married name Salmon) born 30 Oct 1912 (killed while piloting an Airspeed Oxford for the Air Transport Auxiliary in 1943, during World War II).[4]
  • Diana O. Pitman, born 1914[6]

Pitman's grandfather was Isaac Pitman, who had developed the Shorthand writing known as Pitman shorthand; in consequence, Isaac James Pitman went by his middle name 'James' to differentiate himself from his grandfather.[7] The innovations made by his grandfather were monetized into the family business, Sir Isaac Pitman and Sons Ltd. Due to this fact, James Pitman was born into a wealthy family and received a privileged upbringing, being educated at the elite Summer Fields School,[8] Eton College and Christ Church, Oxford where he graduated with a Master of Arts (MA) in Modern History.[9]

Personal life

In 1927, Pitman married into the British nobility when he wed Margaret Beaufort Lawson Johnston (known as 'Beau') who was the daughter of George Lawson Johnston, 1st Baron Luke and Edith Laura St. John; they had four children together.[10][11]

Sports

File:James Pitman Bath Rugby.png
Pitman played rugby for Bath

Pitman was a natural sportsman and excelled in athletics, skiing and boxing in which he won the Public Schools middleweight boxing championship of 1919.[12]

However, his principal sporting passion was rugby union, in which he played as a running Wing Three-Quarters. Pitman gained his 'blue' at the Oxford University Rugby Football Club (RFC) in 1921, but his main playing career was for Bath Rugby Football Club (RFC) in 61 appearances between 1919 and 1928. He was captain between 1927 and 1928. He later became President of the Bath RFC from 1952 and 1954. His career culminated in his selection to play for the England rugby union team against Scotland in the Calcutta Cup, played on 18 March 1922; it proved to be his only international cap.[13]

Military service

File:Air Force Ensign of the United Kingdom.svg During World War II Pitman served as a Squadron Leader in the Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve.[14] In May 1940, he was granted a commission for the duration of hostilities as Pilot Officer on probation.[15] He was later promoted to Flying Officer.[16][17]

Corporate career

He joined his father Ernest Pitman and his uncle Alfred Pitman in the family business originally set up with his grandfather Sir Isaac Pitman. In around 1932, he became the chairman and managing director of Sir Isaac Pitman & Sons Ltd.[18] Under his stewardship, the business became one of the world's leading educational publishers and training businesses with offices in London, Bath, New York City, Melbourne, Johannesburg, Toronto and Tokyo. The publishing business re-incorporated to Pitman Limited in 1975 then went public in 1983 before being purchased by rival Pearson Plc in 1985.[19] The training business evolved into two separate businesses: Pitman Training and JHP Training (which re-branded to Learndirect).

Pitman also served on the board of directors of several large publicly limited companies including Boots the Chemists, Glaxo, Bovril and the Equity & Law Life Assurance Society.[20]

Educationalist

Page Template:Stack/styles.css has no content.

File:Punch Teacher.png
Pitman was a teacher and educationalist.

Pitman became an educationalist, promoting education from kindergarten children to adult training.[citation needed] His association with education started in the 1920s, when he served for a time as headmaster of one of the colleges in Maida Vale under the ownership of his family's business interests (Isaac Pitman & Sons Ltd).[21]

Over his career, Pitman became one of the most prominent British educationalists, attaining leadership positions in many educational institutes:

In his Who's Who listing, he put the greatest emphasis on his rank and file membership of the National Union of Teachers,[23][27] which highlighted his progressive conservative tendencies with respect to educational matters.

Public service

File:King George VI crop.jpg
Pitman was the Bursar to the Duke of York's and King's Camp

Pitman had an extensive career as a public servant:

Page Module:Message box/ambox.css has no content.

Pitman served as the Bursar of the Duke of York's and King's Camp 1933–1939.[23]

Pitman served as a Director of the Bank of England during the war years of 1941-1945.[28][29][30][31][32] As director of the Bank of England during the war, Pitman was on the board in 1946 which oversaw the nationalisation of the Bank of England by the new Labour administration. During the war, the Board also had to address the Nazi attempt to financially de-stabilise the United Kingdom through the injection into the British economy of banknotes forged at the Sachsenhausen concentration camp.[33]

Pitman served as the first Director of Organization and Methods, a senior civil service post at HM Treasury 1943–1945.[21][34]

Pitman served as vice-president of the Institute of Administrative Management for 1965–1969.[23]

Member of Parliament

At the 1945 general election, Pitman was elected to the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom as Conservative Member of Parliament (MP) for the Borough of Bath,[35] he was subsequently re-elected four times: - 1950,[36] 1951,[37] 1955,[38] 1959[39] before finally retiring from Parliament just before the 1964 general election. As a member of parliament, he championed many notable causes, notably nationalisation, education, and world security.

Nationalisation

Pitman was first elected as a Conservative M.P. in the 1945 Labour party landslide win, after which he was involved in the opposition to the nationalisation programme of Clement Attlee's government.[40] In particular, he debated extensively on the nationalisation of the Bank of England and the Gas Board,[41][42] and wrote the influential pamphlet "Management efficiency in nationalized undertakings", in which he impartially analysed the issues of consumer rights and efficiency in the different models of nationalised industries tried by the Labour government.[43]

Education

Pitman consistently used his position to petition for improvements to education and training and the funding thereof.[44] As an example, his last contribution as an MP in 1964 was a written question asking for assurances against overcrowding in schools.[45]

Pitman passionately argued in Parliament to make it easier for kindergarten-aged children to learn to read and write through orthographical and spelling reforms to the English Language. He worked with the similarly minded Labour MP, Mont Follick, to table a series of private members' bills to enable the reforms. The parliamentary support for these measures forced the government to allow a trial which led to the launch of the Initial Teaching Alphabet.[46][47]

World Security

During Pitman's near two decade service as a M.P., there were a number of wars and coup d'états in various unstable regions of the world including the British Commonwealth. In response, ten parliamentarians including Pitman published a paper calling for a World Security Authority which would be a force to impose judgements from a world court to rule over cases of violation of international law.[48][49]

Honours

File:KBE Medal.png
Badge of Knight Commander of British Empire 1917 - 1935

In 1961, Pitman was appointed as an Ordinary Knights Commander of the Civil Division of the said Most Excellent Order of the British Empire (KBE)[50]

Grandfather's legacy

File:Fonetick Institute, 6 & 7, Kingston Buildings, Bath c.1875.png
Building owned by Sir Isaac Pitman & Sons promoting Phonetics

Initially, Pitman inherited the ideas formulated by his grandfather, Isaac Pitman, who was a lifelong advocate of spelling reform for the English language. Isaac's major work on spelling reform was the development of the alternative English orthography known as Phonotypy which he published in 1844. Isaac's interest in orthography also led to his development of a form of phonetic shorthand which was known as Pitman shorthand, this eventually became the great source of wealth in the family and led to the formation of Sir Isaac Pitman & Sons, established 1886.[51]

Alphabets and Reading

Consequently, Pitman obsessively studied the etymology of English orthography. He bemoaned the post-war government statistics showing that 30% of fifteen year-old who had passed through school education could barely read,[52] and he argued that the irregularity of English phonology was the primary cause of the poor levels of literacy in the English speaking world. In 1969, he published his findings in Alphabets and Reading which was a collaboration with John Robert St. John, a professional writer.[52]

Simplified Spelling Society

In May 1936, Pitman was elected to the committee of the Simplified Spelling Society after a fortuitous meeting on board a steam-ship in the mid-Atlantic between Pitman and committee member Lloyd James, Professor of Phonetics at the School of Oriental and African Studies, London University.[51] Pitman reinvigorated the society by bringing both enthusiasm from his grandfather's phonetic legacy and the resources of Pitman and Sons. The first item of business was the publication of the book "New Spelling" which James considered "One of the most remarkable statistical investigations into English spelling ever undertaken". The publication costs were funded by Pitman,[53] who became treasurer of the Society and was eventually elevated to the President in 1936.[25]

Parliamentary pressure

In 1949 and 1953, as a member of parliament he used his position to agitate for orthographic reform through backing private members bills. He was part of a parliamentary group led by the Labour MP Mont Follick, who argued that orthographic reform to the English language was needed to improve levels of literacy and to make it easier for young children to learn to read and write. They successfully lobbied the education minister, Florence Horsbrugh, to allow a trial of an orthographic means of teaching children to read.[54]

Initial Teaching Alphabet

Pitman then went on to develop the Initial Teaching Alphabet (ITA), which was first published in 1959 as The Ehrhardt Augmented (40-sound, 42-character) Lower Case Roman Alphabet.[55] It was designed with the intention of simplifying the task of learning to read English.[56] Pitman had to exploit the resources of his printing and publishing businesses and his extensive connections with the educational establishment to deploy his system.

The trial was considered successful, and the use of the ITA spread quickly through the UK and onwards to the English speaking world including the US, Canada, Australia and New Zealand.[57] By 1968, the ITA federation of schools estimated that 4,000 schools in the U.K. and 17,000 schools worldwide used the alphabet.[58] During this time, the alphabet was heavily studied by researchers and eventually the UK government asked Professor Frank Warburton and Vera Southgate to carry out an independent assessment of the research, which they published in 1969.[59] Southgate polled 90 teachers on their preference for ITA or traditional orthography, and only two teachers preferred traditional orthography. One of these had come straight out of teacher training college to teach using ITA so had not experienced teaching children conventionally.[60] Due to the technological limitations of the time, printed ITA books were expensive and teachers trained in using the alphabet were in short supply. Consequently, the ITA gradually became economically unviable, and fell into disuse in the 1980s despite its reported advantages.[58]

George Bernard Shaw and the Shavian Alphabet

File:Shavian alphabet - Alice's Adventures in Wonderland - book cover.jpg
Shavian alphabet - Alice's Adventures in Wonderland - book cover

Another proponent of orthographic reform during that period was George Bernard Shaw, who, on his death in 1950, bequeathed a considerable portion of his estate, a sum of £8,300, towards the promotion of alphabetic reform. As a leading advocate of such reform, Sir James Pitman was invited to become a public trustee of Shaw's will, where his duties would include the administration and judging of a competition devised by Shaw to design an improved, more economical alphabet. This competition was won by Kingsley Read, who developed the Shavian alphabet, with most of Shaw's legacy spent demonstrating it through a special phonetic edition of Androcles and the Lion, published in 1962 by Penguin Books.[61]

References

Page Template:Reflist/styles.css has no content.

  1. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Sir Isaac James Pitman". geni_family_tree. Retrieved 2 April 2022.
  2. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Christian Ernest Pitman". geni_family_tree. Retrieved 15 May 2022.
  3. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Pitman, John". Imperial War Museums. Retrieved 15 May 2022.[permanent dead link]
  4. ^ a b c Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Pitman Family". Imperial War Museums. Retrieved 15 May 2022.
  5. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Captain Peter Pitman Butler | Christ Church, Oxford University". www.chch.ox.ac.uk. Retrieved 15 May 2022.
  6. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Diana O. Pitman". geni_family_tree. 8 December 2016. Retrieved 16 May 2022.
  7. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Sir Isaac Pitman | English educator and inventor | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 29 May 2022.
  8. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Usborne, Richard (1964). A Century of Summer Fields. London: Methuen. p. 84. LCCN 66058305. OL 6007174M.
  9. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."PITMAN, (Sir) (Isaac) James | Encyclopedia.com". www.encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 16 May 2022.
  10. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Who married Margaret Beaufort Lawson Johnston? | WhoMarried.com". www.whomarried.com. Retrieved 29 May 2022.
  11. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Miss Margaret Beaufort (Beau) Lawson Johnston, second daughter of the Hon Lady Lawson Johnston of Pavenham Bury, Beds, c.1927". Bath In Time. Retrieved 4 June 2022.
  12. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."PITMAN, Sir Isaac James, 1901-1985, Knight, politician - Archives Hub". archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk. Retrieved 4 June 2022.
  13. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Pillinger, Geoff. "Pitman Isaac James". Bath Rugby Heritage. Retrieved 2 April 2022.
  14. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Isaac James Pitman c.1940s". Bath In Time. Retrieved 4 June 2022.
  15. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Page 3523 | Issue 34870, 11 June 1940 | London Gazette | The Gazette". www.thegazette.co.uk. Retrieved 26 March 2022.
  16. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Page 1530 | Issue 35106, 14 March 1941 | London Gazette | The Gazette". www.thegazette.co.uk. Retrieved 26 March 2022.
  17. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Page 3836 | Issue 35208, 4 July 1941 | London Gazette | The Gazette". www.thegazette.co.uk. Retrieved 26 March 2022.
  18. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."PITMAN, (Sir) (Isaac) James | Encyclopedia.com". www.encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 4 June 2022.
  19. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Pitman Ltd | Science Museum Group Collection". collection.sciencemuseumgroup.org.uk. Retrieved 4 June 2022.
  20. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."PITMAN, Sir Isaac James, 1901-1985, Knight, politician - Archives Hub". archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk. Retrieved 4 June 2022.
  21. ^ a b c d Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."PITMAN, (Sir) (Isaac) James | Encyclopedia.com". www.encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 2 April 2022.
  22. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Teachers' Registration Council: Minutes. Teachers Registration Council. 1902–1950.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  23. ^ a b c d e f g h i Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."PITMAN, Sir Isaac James, 1901-1985, Knight, politician - Archives Hub". archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk. Retrieved 31 May 2022.
  24. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."British Association for Commercial Education (BACE) and the British Association for Commercial and Industrial Education (BACIE)". mrc-catalogue.warwick.ac.uk. Retrieved 31 May 2022.
  25. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Upward, Chris (1986). "OBITUARIES" (PDF). The Simplified Spelling Society - the Newsletter. Journal 3 (1986 (Summer Issue)): 2 – via The Simplified Spelling Society.
  26. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Honorary Graduates 1966 to 1988 | University of Bath". Bath.ac.uk. Archived from the original on 25 May 2016. Retrieved 23 February 2012.
  27. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Search Results for Sir James Pitman". WHO'S WHO & WHO WAS WHO. Retrieved 2 June 2022.
  28. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Page 1711 | Issue 35114, 21 March 1941 | London Gazette | The Gazette". www.thegazette.co.uk. Retrieved 26 March 2022.
  29. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Page 1540 | Issue 35511, 3 April 1942 | London Gazette | The Gazette". www.thegazette.co.uk. Retrieved 26 March 2022.
  30. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Page 1454 | Issue 35956, 26 March 1943 | London Gazette | The Gazette". www.thegazette.co.uk. Retrieved 26 March 2022.
  31. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Page 1638 | Issue 36460, 7 April 1944 | London Gazette | The Gazette". www.thegazette.co.uk. Retrieved 26 March 2022.
  32. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Page 1752 | Issue 37009, 30 March 1945 | London Gazette | The Gazette". www.thegazette.co.uk. Retrieved 26 March 2022.
  33. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Nazi forged bank notes hit sterling confidence, MI5 files show". BBC News. 17 February 2012. Retrieved 4 June 2022.
  34. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Pitman, I. J (1948). "Organisation and Methods: An Important Select Committee Report". PADM Public Administration. 26 (1): 1–9. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9299.1948.tb02629.x. ISSN 0033-3298. OCLC 5154212648.
  35. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Page 4289 | Issue 37238, 24 August 1945 | London Gazette | The Gazette". www.thegazette.co.uk. Retrieved 26 March 2022.
  36. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Page 1040 | Issue 38851, 28 February 1950 | London Gazette | The Gazette". www.thegazette.co.uk. Retrieved 26 March 2022.
  37. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Page 5664 | Issue 39372, 30 October 1951 | London Gazette | The Gazette". www.thegazette.co.uk. Retrieved 26 March 2022.
  38. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Page 3156 | Issue 40493, 31 May 1955 | London Gazette | The Gazette". www.thegazette.co.uk. Retrieved 26 March 2022.
  39. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Page 6434 | Issue 41842, 13 October 1959 | London Gazette | The Gazette". www.thegazette.co.uk. Retrieved 26 March 2022.
  40. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."History of Clement Attlee - GOV.UK". www.gov.uk. Retrieved 3 June 2022.
  41. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Pitman, James (29 October 1945). "Bank of England Bill". Hansard. 415 (cc43-167).
  42. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Pitman, James (6 March 1950). "GAs Industry (Information)". Hansard. 472 (cc121-36) – via Handard.
  43. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Pitman, I. J; British Institute of Management (1951). Management efficiency in nationalized undertakings. London: British Institute of Management. OCLC 5513031.
  44. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Sir Isaac Pitman (Hansard)". api.parliament.uk. Retrieved 3 June 2022.
  45. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Standards for School Premises Regulations, 1959 (Hansard, 28 July 1964)". api.parliament.uk. Retrieved 3 June 2022.
  46. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Pitman, James (11 March 1949). "Spelling Reform Bill". Hansard. 462 (cc1599-687).
  47. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Pitman, James (6 March 1952). "Simplified English Spelling". Hansard. 497 (cc777-870).
  48. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Conservative Political Centre; Black, C. Wilson; Dodds-Parker, A. D.; Foster, J. G.; Harris, R. Reader; Hay, John; Hughes-Hallett, John; Maddan, Martin; Pitman, I. J. (1958). A world security authority?. C.P.C. London.
  49. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Pitman, James (28 July 1950). "Parliamentary Debate on World Government". Hansard. 478 (Columns 930 - 943).
  50. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Page 4153 | Supplement 42370, 2 June 1961 | London Gazette | The Gazette". www.thegazette.co.uk. Retrieved 26 March 2022.
  51. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Harrison, Maurice (1986). "A History of the Simplified Spelling Society up to 1970" (PDF). The Simplified Spelling Society. Journal 3: 22–24 – via spelling society.
  52. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Pitman, James; St. John, John Robert (1969). Alphabets and Reading. London: Pitman. pp. 3–12. ISBN 9780273433439.
  53. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Ripman, Walter; Archer, William (1948). NEW SPELLING. London: SIR ISAAC PITMAN & SONS.
  54. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Harrison, Maurice (1986). "A History of the Society up to 1970" (PDF). The Simplified Spelling Society - Newsletter. Journal 3 - 1986 (Summer): 34–35 – via The Simplified Spelling Society.
  55. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Pitman, I. J.; Pitman, Sir James (1959). The Ehrhardt Augmented (40-sound, 42-character) Lower Case Roman Alphabet: The Reasons and Intentions Underlying Its Design Together with a Specimen.
  56. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Pitman, James (1969). Alphabets and Reading (First ed.). Bristol: Pitman. p. 117. ISBN 9780273433439.
  57. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Downing, John (1967). Evaluating the Initial Teaching Alphabet (First ed.). London: Cassell. pp. 127–128.
  58. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Harrison, MAurice (1968). "The History of the Society up to 1970" (PDF). Newsletter - 1986 (Summer). Journal 3: 35 – via The Simplified Spelling Society.
  59. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Warburton, Professor Frank (1969). i.t.a. - an independent evaluation (First ed.). London: Murray and Chambers.
  60. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Warburton, Professor Frank (1969). i.t.a. an independent evaluation for the schools council (First ed.). London: Murray Chambers. pp. 36–37.
  61. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Philp, Leo (18 January 2022). "Shavian (3/3): typographic implementation". Medium. Retrieved 29 May 2022.

Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Authority control/config' not found.

Retrieved from "https://cosmopedia.co/index.php?title=James_Pitman&oldid=980557"