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Jarabulus

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Jarabulus
جَرَابُلُس
Cerablus
Town
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CountryFile:Flag of Syria (2025-).svg Syria
GovernorateAleppo
DistrictJarabulus
SubdistrictJarabulus
Elevation
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Population
 (2004)[1]
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Population
 (2004)[1]
 • Total
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Time zoneUTC+3 (AST)
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GeocodeC2227

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File:Jarabulus nahiyah.svg
Jarabulus is the administrative center of Nahiya Jarabulus and Jarabulus District.

Jarabulus (Template:Langx, ALA-LC: Script error: No such module "lang"., Aleppo dialect: Script error: No such module "lang".; Template:Langx or Script error: No such module "Lang".; Template:Langx[2]) is a Syrian city administratively belonging to Aleppo Governorate. Jarabulus lies on the western bank of the Euphrates and north of Euphrates Lake, just south of the Syria–Turkey border and the Turkish town of Karkamış. In the 2004 census, the city had a population of 11,570.[1] The population has increased significantly during the Syrian civil war.

History

In the Bronze and Iron Ages, the archaeological site lying just north of Jarabulus (half of which is now in Turkey) was called Karkemish, in Greek and Roman times the ancient name of the city was "Europos" (Εὐρωπός), which must have been at the origin of the modern form of the toponym Jerabis.

The original 18th century form of the toponym seems to have been "Djerabis", but it was later found as "Djeraboolos" or "Djerablus", probably deriving from Hierapolis (modern-day Manbij, to the southwest).

Being on the southern side of the Istanbul-Baghdad railway, Jarabulus became a border town with Turkey based on the Treaty of Lausanne in the aftermath of World War I.

Following the outbreak of the Syrian civil war, the Syrian opposition took over the town, along with its border post with Turkey on July 20, 2012. However, in July 2013 the town was captured by the jihadist militant group ISIS.[3][4] By January 2014, rebels mainly from the al-Tawhid Brigade engaged in clashes with ISIS and seized the town, but ISIS was able to recapture it within hours.[5]

An article published by The Guardian said that attempts by the People's Protection Units (YPG) to capture Jarabulus were prevented by Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, who, according to media reports, had threatened in 2015 to attack the YPG if they moved against Jarabulus. This threat secured Islamic State control of the town.[6]

Operation Euphrates Shield

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". On 24 August 2016 around 4:00 AM (local time), the Turkish Armed Forces, alongside their allies in the Free Syrian Army, launched a military operation into Syria to capture Jarabulus from the Islamic State. The operation was supported by the Turkish Air Force along with US-led coalition aircraft in an attempt to clear a passage for the troops. By 24 August, Jarabulus and neighboring towns were captured by the Syrian National Army.[7] The SNA, backed by Turkish tanks, then connected Jarablus to al-Rai to push Islamic State forces away from the Turkish border.

Demographics

Ethnically, the city is mostly composed of Arabs[8] and Turkmens.[9][10] Turkmens belong to the Barak tribe.[11] The region overall likewise mostly consists of Arabs and Turkmens,[12][13] but also houses the heterogenous Kurdish tribal confederation of Barazi, which also includes Arabs, from Jarabulus eastwards to Suruç. There are 16 thousand Kurds living near Jarabulus.[14]

When British archaeologist David George Hogarth visited Jarabulus in early 20th century, he noted that the town was held by Arabs of the Geais Msahaleh clan and Turks of the Barak clan.[15]

Since the end of the Syrian Civil War at least 6,872 IDPs (as of March 25) who were living in Jarablus have returned to their homes.[16]

Governance

File:Jarabulus Military Council 2016.jpg
Jarabulus Military Council 2016

On 6 September 2016, the Karkamış-based council of Jarabulus that had been constituted 2 years prior, accused Turkey of attempting to replace them with a newly formed council consisting of pro-Turkish Turkmen separatists. The Sultan Murad Division denied the accusations and accused the local council of being PYD "collaborators", although it did confirm forming a "council of elders" in the city. Harakat Nour al-Din al-Zenki's political leader Yasser Ibrahim al-Yusuf, son of the perpetrator of the Aleppo Artillery School massacre, also said that the city would be governed by a newly formed council.[17][better source needed] The head of the Syrian Interim Government based in Turkey, Jawad Abu Hatab, met with the Jarabulus local council on the same day.[18][better source needed]

Security

On 22 January 2017, a police force of 450 members trained and equipped by Turkey was deployed in Jarabulus.[19] The Jarabulus police is headed by defected Syrian Army brigadier general Abdel Razaq Aslan.[20]

Education

Following the capture of Jarabulus by the Turkish Armed Forces from the Islamic State, children returned to school, learning Turkish as a foreign language instead of French.[21] In October 2018, the Gaziantep University opened a vocational school in Jarabulus.[22]

Infrastructure

After the Turkish operation in August and September 2016, Turkish authorities planned to restore electricity to the city by building a three kilometres (1.9 miles) cable from Karkamış to Jarabulus, with two kilometres (1.2 miles) being in Syrian territory. Electricity and potable water were announced to be provided for free.[23]

Later that month, after visits from Turkish officials and the mayor of Gaziantep Municipality, Jarabulus was connected to the Turkish electrical grid. A former school in Jarabulus was turned into a hospital with an official Turkish sign reading "Turkish Ministry of Health - Jarablus Hospital" with a flag of Turkey.[24]

Climate

Jarabulus has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Köppen climate classification Csa), with influences of a continental climate during winter, hot dry summers, and cool wet and occasionally snowy winters. The average high temperature in January is 7.8 °C (46.0 °F) and the average high temperature in August is 38.1 °C (100.6 °F). The snow falls usually in January, February or December.

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References

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  1. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."2004 Census Data for Nahiya Jarabulus" (in العربية). Syrian Central Bureau of Statistics. Also available in English: Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.UN OCHA. "2004 Census Data". Humanitarian Data Exchange.
  2. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Li Cerablûs û Babê teqînên hevdem". Rudaw. 2023-04-13. Retrieved 2023-04-13.
  3. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."The Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham Expands Into Rural Northern Syria". Syria Comment. 2013-07-18. Retrieved 2023-04-13.
  4. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Walsh, Nick Paton (2013-11-04). "The secret jihadi smuggling route through Turkey". CNN. Retrieved 2023-04-13.
  5. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Syrian rebels push Qaeda affiliate from northwest stronghold". Chicago Tribune (Reuters). 17 January 2014. Archived from the original on 18 January 2014.
  6. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Graeber, David (18 November 2015). "Turkey could cut off Islamic State's supply lines. So why doesn't it?". The Guardian.
  7. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Post, Washington (24 August 2016). "Syrian rebels backed by Turkish tanks capture key border stronghold from ISIL". National Post.
  8. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Demir, Turgay (2023). Syrian Kurds, the Democratic Union Party (PYD), and the Strategic Framing of the Civil War: Selling the New Model of Governance. Lexington Books. p. 130. Arab-majority areas such as Manbij and Jarabulus (Kusilek, 2019)
  9. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."ARGUMENTS ON SAFE HAVENS IN SYRIA: RISKS, OPPORTUNITIES AND SCENARIOS FOR TURKEY" (PDF). ORSAM. CENTER FOR MIDDLE EASTERN STRATEGIC STUDIES. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-12-27.
  10. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Khalifa, Mustafa. "The impossible partition of Syria" (PDF). Thematic Studies. Arab Reform Initiative. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 27, 2013. Retrieved 27 December 2013.
  11. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Tanyol, Cahit (1952). "Baraklarda Örf ve Adet Araştırmaları 1". İstanbul University Journal of Sociology. 2 (7): 71–108. Retrieved 13 April 2023.
  12. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.van Wilgenburg, Wladimir. "Kurdish Strategy Towards Ethnically-Mixed Areas in the Syrian Conflict". Terrorism Monitor Volume: 11 Issue: 23. The Jamestown Foundation. Retrieved 27 December 2013.
  13. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Khalifa, Mustafa. "The impossible partition of Syria" (PDF). Thematic Studies. Arab Reform Initiative. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 27, 2013. Retrieved 27 December 2013.
  14. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Tejel, Jordi (2009). Syria's Kurds: History, Politics and Society. Translated by Welle, Emily (1. publ. ed.). London: Routledge. pp. 10. ISBN 978-0-203-89211-4.
  15. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Hogarth, David George (1914). Carchemish: Report on the Excavations at Djerabis on Behalf of the British Museum. Order of the Trustees. p. 24.
  16. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Syrian returnees' figures by sub-districts - data 25 March 2025". UNHCR Operational Data Portal (ODP). Retrieved 2025-05-01.
  17. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Jarablus and the local council". Yalla Souriya. 6 September 2016.
  18. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Free Syria Army withdraws from Jarablus bases, cites disagreements with separatists". Al-Masdar News. 6 September 2016. Archived from the original on 28 September 2020. Retrieved 8 September 2016.
  19. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Postings, Robert (2018-02-07). "Free Syria Police: Creating Security and Stability". International Review. Archived from the original on 2019-11-03. Retrieved 2019-11-03.
  20. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Ashawi, Khalil (2017-01-24). "Hundreds of police trained by Turkey start work in northern Syria". Reuters. Retrieved 2020-05-03.
  21. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Turkey helps rebuild the liberated Syrian border town of Jarabulus". France 24. 2017-12-15. Retrieved 2019-11-03.
  22. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Erdogan approves 3 Turkish university campuses for northern Syria". www.rudaw.net. Retrieved 2019-11-03.
  23. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Turkey sends power lines into Syrian town cleared of IS". Middle East Eye. 8 September 2016.
  24. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Cerablus'ta atıl okul binası hastaneye dönüştürüldü". Anadolu Agency. 26 September 2016. Retrieved 27 September 2016.
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