Syrian Arabic

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Template:Short description Script error: No such module "Distinguish".

Page Module:Message box/ambox.css has no content.

Template:Contains special characters

Page Module:Infobox/styles.css has no content.

Syrian Arabic
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:InfoboxImage/data' not found.
Native toSyria
EthnicitySyrians
Native speakers
L1: 19 million (2023)[1]
L2: 2.0 million (2023)Template:Ethnologue27 does not exist
Arabic alphabet
Arabic chat alphabet
Language codes
ISO 639-3(covered by apc)
ELPTemplate:Endangered Languages Project
LinguasphereTemplate:Infobox language/lingualist
 Template:Infobox language/lingualist
 Template:Infobox language/lingualist
 Template:Infobox language/lingualist
 Template:Infobox language/lingualist
 Template:Infobox language/lingualist
 Template:Infobox language/lingualist
 Template:Infobox language/lingualist
 Template:Infobox language/lingualist
 Template:Infobox language/lingualist
IETFapc-SY

Page Template:Infobox/styles-images.css has no content.Script error: No such module "Check for conflicting parameters".

Syrian Arabic refers to any of the Arabic varieties spoken in Syria,[2] or specifically to Levantine Arabic.[3][4]

Aleppo, Idlib, and Coastal dialects

Aleppo and surroundings

Characterized by the imperfect with a-: ašṛab ‘I drink’, ašūf ‘I see’,[2] and by a pronounced[5] ʾimāla of the type sēfaṛ/ysēfer, with subdialects:[5]

  1. Muslim Aleppine
  2. Christian Aleppine
  3. Rural dialects similar to Muslim Aleppine
  4. Mountain dialects
  5. Rural dialects
  6. Bēbi (əlBāb)
  7. Mixed dialects

Idlib and surroundings

These dialects are transitional between the Aleppine and the Coastal and Central dialects.[5] They are characterized by *q > ʔ, ʾimāla of the type sāfaṛ/ysēfer[2] and ṣālaḥ/yṣēliḥ,[5] diphthongs in every position,[5][2] a- elision (Script error: No such module "lang".+t > Script error: No such module "lang"., but Script error: No such module "lang".+it > Script error: No such module "lang".),[2] Script error: No such module "lang". type perfect,[2] ʾimāla in reflexes of *CāʔiC, and vocabulary such as Script error: No such module "lang". "plow sole".[5]

Coast and coastal mountains

Source:[2]

These dialects are characterized by diphthongs only in open syllables: bēt/bayti ‘house/my house’, ṣōt/ṣawti ‘voice/my voice’, but ā is found in many lexemes for both *ay and *aw (sāf, yām).[5][2] There is pronounced ʾimāla.[5] Unstressed a is elided or raised to i and u whenever possible: Script error: No such module "lang".+t > Script error: No such module "lang"., Script error: No such module "lang".+it > Script error: No such module "lang"., Script error: No such module "lang".+it > Script error: No such module "lang"., Script error: No such module "lang".+t > Script error: No such module "lang"., Script error: No such module "lang".+ayt > Script error: No such module "lang"., Script error: No such module "lang".+t > Script error: No such module "lang"., *Script error: No such module "lang". > Script error: No such module "lang". > Script error: No such module "lang"., *Script error: No such module "lang". > Script error: No such module "lang"..[2][5] The feminine plural demonstrative pronoun is Script error: No such module "lang"., or Script error: No such module "lang"..[5] It can be divided into several subdialects:[5]

  1. Transitional between Idlib and the northern coastal dialects
  2. Northern coastal dialects (Swaydīye)
  3. Northern coastal dialects
  4. Latakia
  5. Central coastal dialects
  6. Mḥardi
  7. Banyās
  8. Southern coastal dialects
  9. Tartūs, Arwad
  10. Alawite and Ismaelite dialects

Central dialects

In this area, predominantly *ay, aw > ē, ō. Mostly, there is no ʾimāla, and a-elision is only weakly developed. Word-final *-a > -i operates. Several dialects exist in this area:

Central-North

Leans toward the Idlib and Coastal dialects. Preservation of *q, 2nd masc. inti, 2nd fem. inte, feminine forms in the plural Script error: No such module "lang"., Script error: No such module "lang"..

Tayybet əlʔImām / Sōrān

Preservation of interdentals. 2/3 pl. masc. ending -a: Script error: No such module "lang"., Script error: No such module "lang"., Script error: No such module "lang"., Script error: No such module "lang".. 2nd plural m/f inta - Script error: No such module "lang".. 3rd plural m/f hinhan - Script error: No such module "lang".. The perfect of the primae alif verbs are ake, axe. In the imperfect, yāka, yāxa. The participle is mēke.

Hama

Characterized by *q > ʔ; preservation of *ǧ; six short vowels: a, ǝ, e, i, o, u, and six long vowels: ā, ǟ, ē, ī, ō, ū.

Central-South w/ *q > q

Preservation of *q.

Central-South w/ *q > ʔ

Characterized by *q > ʔ.

Bedouin-Sedentary mixed dialect

Preservation of interdentals and terms like alhaz "now".

Central Syrian dialect continuum, steppe dialects and steppe's edge

Source:[5]

Suxni

Characterized by *q > k, *g > c [ts], *k > č, and ʾimāla of type *lisān > lsīn. Distinctive pronouns are Template:Gcl.Template:Gcl aham and Template:Gcl.Template:Gcl suffix -či. The suffix of the verbal Template:Gcl a-Type is -at, and i-Type perfects take the form ʾílbis "he got dressed".[5]

Palmyrene

Characterized by preserved *q, *g > č, and unconditioned ʾimāla in hēda. Distinctive pronouns are Template:Gcl ahu - hinna, and Template:Gcl.Template:Gcl suffix -ki. The suffix of the verbal Template:Gcl a-Type is -at, and i-Type perfects take the form ʾílbis "he got dressed".[5]

Qarawi

Characterized by preserved *q and unconditioned ʾimāla in hēda. Distinctive pronouns are Template:Gcl hunni - hinni. The suffix of the verbal Template:Gcl a-Type is -at, and i-Type perfects take the form lbīs "he got dressed".[5]

Saddi

Characterized by preserved *q and pronouns Template:Gcl hūwun - hīyin. The suffix of the verbal Template:Gcl a-Type is -at.[5]

Rastan

Characterized by preserved *q and the changes masaku > masakaw# and masakin > masake:n# in pause. Distinctive pronouns are Template:Gcl.Template:Gcl hinne, and the suffix of the verbal Template:Gcl a-Type is -at.[5]

Nabki

Characterized by *q > ʔ, and *ay, *aw > ā. The shifts *CaCC > CiCC/CuCC and *CaCaC > CaCōC take place. The ʾimāla is of the i-umlaut type. Distinctive pronouns are Template:Gcl.Template:Gcl suffix -ke. The a-Type perfects take the form ḍarōb and the i-type lbēs. The suffix of the verbal Template:Gcl a-Type is -et, with allophony ḍarbet - ḍárbatu.[5]

Eastern Qalamūn

Characterized by *q > ʔ and ʾimāla of the i-umlaut type. Distinctive pronouns are Template:Gcl.Template:Gcl suffix -a/-e. The suffix of the verbal Template:Gcl a-Type is -at.[5]

Mʿaḏ̣ḏ̣amīye

Characterized by *q > ʔ and unconditioned ʾimāla in hēda. Distinctive pronouns are Template:Gcl.Template:Gcl suffix -ki.[5] The Template:Gcl perfect conjugation is of the type Script error: No such module "lang"., similar to the qǝltu dialects of Iraq. Also like qǝltu dialects, it has lengthened forms like ṣafṛā "yellow [fem.]".[2]

Qalamūn

The Qalamūn dialects have strong links to Central Lebanese.[5] The short vowels i/u are found in all positions. Pasual kbīr > Script error: No such module "lang".# and yrūḥ > yrawḥ#. The a-elision is not strongly pronounced. Shortening of unstressed long vowels is characteristic: *sakākīn > sakakīn ‘knives’, fallōḥ/fillaḥīn ‘peasant/peasants’, or fillōḥ/filliḥīn, as in Northwest Aramaic.[2] Conservation of diphthongs and *q > ʔ are common, as well as splitting of ā into ē and ō. As for negation, the type mā- -š is already attested along with the simple negation.

Qara

No interdentals

Yabrūdi

No interdentals

Central Qalamūn

Conservation of interdentals, subdialects:

  1. Ain al-Tinah
  2. Central, tends to East Qalamūn
  3. Rās ilMaʿarra
  4. Gubbe
  5. Al-Sarkha (Bakhah) (Western Neo-Aramaic is also spoken in the village)
  6. Maʿlūla (Western Neo-Aramaic is also spoken in the village)
  7. Jubb'adin / GubbʿAdīn (Western Neo-Aramaic is also spoken in the village)

Southern Qalamūn

Conservation of interdentals, a-elision Script error: No such module "lang".+t > Script error: No such module "lang"., distinctive pronouns are Template:Gcl.Template:Gcl Script error: No such module "lang".. Subdialects are:

  1. Script error: No such module "lang".
  2. ʿAkawbar, Tawwane, Hile
  3. Hafīr ilFawqa, Badda
  4. Qtayfe
  5. Sēdnāya
  6. Maʿarrit Sēdnāya
  7. Rankūs
  8. Talfita
  9. Halbūn
  10. Hafīr itTahta
  11. itTall
  12. Mnin
  13. Drayj

Northern Barada valley

No interdentals, conservation of diphthongs

  1. Sirgāya
  2. Blūdān
  3. izZabadāni
  4. Madāya

Damascus and surroundings

Transitional Damascus - Qalamūn

These dialects have no interdentals, no diphthongs, and a reflex of *g > ž. The suffix of the verbal Template:Gcl a-Type is -it, ḍarab+it > ḍárbit.[5] The short vowels i/u are found in all positions. Demonstrative plural pronoun Script error: No such module "lang"..

Damascus

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".

Other dialects, accents, and varieties

Horan dialects

The Hauran area is split between Syria and Jordan and speak largely the same dialect

  1. Central dialects
  2. Gēdūri (transitional)
  3. Mountain dialects
  4. Zāwye (transitional)
  5. Mixed dialect Čanāčer/Zāčye

Mount Hermon and Jabal al-Druze area

Dialects of Mount Hermon and Druze have a Lebanese origin[5]

  1. Autochthonous sedentary dialects
  2. Mount Hermon dialect
  3. Druze dialect

Sedentary East Syrian

Mesopotamian (Turkey)

  1. Qsōrāni
  2. Tall Bēdar
  3. Mardilli
  4. Azxēni (ǝlMālkīye)

Mesopotamian (Syria)

  1. Deir ez-Zor
  2. Albū Kmāl

Autochthonous

  1. Xātūnī

Bedouin dialects

Shawi Arabic and Najdi Arabic are also spoken in Syria.

References

Page Template:Reflist/styles.css has no content.

  1. ^ Cite error: The named reference e27 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Behnstedt, Peter (2011-05-30). "Syria". Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics.
  3. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Stowasser, Karl (2004). A Dictionary of Syrian Arabic: English-Arabic. Georgetown University Press. ISBN 978-1-58901-105-2. OCLC 54543156.
  4. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Cowell, Mark W. (1964). A Reference Grammar of Syrian Arabic. Georgetown University Press. OCLC 249229002.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Behnstedt, Peter (1997). Sprachatlas von Syrien (in Deutsch). Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. ISBN 978-3-447-04330-4.

Page Module:Side box/styles.css has no content.Page Template:Sister project/styles.css has no content.

Page Template:Plainlist/styles.css has no content.
Script error: No such module "Sister project logo".
Levantine Arabic test of Wikipedia at Wikimedia Incubator

Page Module:Side box/styles.css has no content.Page Template:Sister project/styles.css has no content.

Page Template:Plainlist/styles.css has no content.
Script error: No such module "Sister project logo".
Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: Levantine Arabic

Page Module:Side box/styles.css has no content.Page Template:Sister project/styles.css has no content.

Page Template:Plainlist/styles.css has no content.
Script error: No such module "Sister project logo".
For a list of words relating to Syrian Arabic, see the North Levantine Arabic language category of words in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Template:Levantine Arabic

Retrieved from "https://cosmopedia.co/index.php?title=Syrian_Arabic&oldid=12630109"