Kappa

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Variant kappa
Greek word καί written with a handwritten variant of kappa, from the Byzantine period

Kappa (/ˈkæpə/ Audio file "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-Kappa.wav" not found;[1] uppercase Κ, lowercase κ or cursive ϰ; Template:Langx, káppa) is the tenth letter of the Greek alphabet, representing the voiceless velar plosive Script error: No such module "IPA". sound in Ancient and Modern Greek. In the system of Greek numerals, Script error: No such module "Lang". has a value of 20. It was derived from the Phoenician letter kaph (𐤊). Letters that arose from kappa include the Roman K and Cyrillic К. The uppercase form is identical to the Latin K.

Greek proper names and placenames containing kappa are often written in English with "c" due to the Romans' transliterations into the Latin alphabet: Constantinople, Corinth, Crete. All formal modern romanizations of Greek now use the letter "k", however.

The cursive form Script error: No such module "Lang". is generally a simple font variant of lower-case kappa, but it is encoded separately in Unicode for occasions where it is used as a separate symbol in math and science. In mathematics, the kappa curve is named after this letter; the tangents of this curve were first calculated by Isaac Barrow in the 17th century.

Symbol

Lowercase (κ)

Mathematics and statistics
Physics
Engineering
  • In structural engineering, κ is the ratio of the smaller factored moment to the larger factored moment and is used to calculate the critical elastic moment of an unbraced steel member.
  • In electrical engineering, κ is the multiplication factor, a function of the R/X ratio of the equivalent power system network, which is used in calculating the peak short-circuit current of a system fault. κ is also used to denote conductivity, the reciprocal of resistivity, rho.
Biology and biomedical science
Psychology and psychiatry
Economics
Chemistry

Uppercase (Κ)

History
Mathematics and statistics
Chemistry
  • In pulping, the kappa number represents the amount of an oxidizing agent required for bleaching a pulp.

Unicode

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  1. ^ The Page Template:Smallcaps/styles.css has no content.mathematical symbols are only used for math. Stylized Greek text should be encoded using the normal Greek letters, with markup and formatting to indicate text style.

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Look up Κ or κ in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

References

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  1. ^ Script error: No such module "template wrapper". (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
  2. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Weisstein, Eric W. "Vertex Connectivity". mathworld.wolfram.com. Retrieved 2025-02-05.
  3. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Weisstein, Eric W. "Curvature". mathworld.wolfram.com. Retrieved 2025-02-05. Then the curvature κ, sometimes also called the "first curvature" (Kreyszig 1991, p. 47), is defined by...
  4. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."DLMF: §3.2 Linear Algebra ‣ Areas ‣ Chapter 3 Numerical Methods". dlmf.nist.gov. Retrieved 2025-01-31.
  5. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Weisstein, Eric W. "Kappa Curve". mathworld.wolfram.com. Retrieved 2025-02-05.
  6. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.McHugh, Mary L. (2012). "Interrater reliability: The kappa statistic". Biochemia Medica. 22 (3): 276–282. doi:10.11613/bm.2012.031. PMC 3900052. PMID 23092060.
  7. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Gwet, Kilem Li (2014). Handbook of inter-rater reliability: the definitive guide to measuring the extent of agreement among raters (Fourth ed.). Gaithersburg, Md: Advances Analytics, LLC. p. 32. ISBN 978-0-9708062-8-4. Cohen's Kappa Definition
  8. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Carmeli, Moshe (1982). Classical fields: general relativity and gauge theory. New York: J. Wiley. p. 85. ISBN 978-0-471-86437-0. Here κ is some constant called Einstein's gravitational constant.
  9. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Halliday, David; Resnick, Robert; Walker, Jearl (2023). Principles of physics. International adaptation (Twelfth ed.). Singapore: Wiley. p. 447. ISBN 978-1-119-82061-1. Here κ (Greek kappa) is a constant, called the torsion constant,
  10. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Stancil, Daniel D. (1993). Theory of magnetostatic waves. New York: Springer-Verlag. p. 200. ISBN 978-0-387-97969-4. The coupling coefficient (7.136) can now be written κab =...
  11. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Monkewitz, Peter A.; Nagib, Hassan M. (2023). "The hunt for the Kármán 'constant' revisited". Journal of Fluid Mechanics. 967 A15. arXiv:2303.08071. Bibcode:2023JFM...967A..15M. doi:10.1017/jfm.2023.448. ISSN 0022-1120.
  12. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Thermal Conductivity - Definition and Detailed Explanation". BYJUS. Retrieved 2025-02-05. It is generally denoted by the symbol 'k' but can also be denoted by 'λ' and 'κ'.
  13. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Transition metal and rare earth compounds. 3. Topics in current chemistry. Berlin Heidelberg: Springer. 2004. p. 5. ISBN 978-3-540-20948-5. The isothermal compressibility, κ ...
  14. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Spetea, Mariana; van Rijn, Richard M., eds. (2022). Opioids and Their Receptors: Present and Emerging Concepts in Opioid Drug Discovery II. Basel: MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute. ISBN 978-3-0365-4352-9. From a chemical standpoint, opioids comprise a diverse group of drugs, but they all share a common affinity towards μ,δ, and κ receptors
  15. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Sadler, John Z. (2005). Values and psychiatric diagnosis. International perspectives in philosophy and psychiatry. Oxford New York, NY: Oxford University Press. p. 118. ISBN 978-0-19-852637-7. ...the other (4b) involve the new (to psychiatry) use of the kappa statistic as a means of measuring diagnostic reliability.
  16. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."University of Hong Kong School of Business" (PDF). HKU.
  17. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Strohfeldt, Katja A. (2015). Essentials of Inorganic Chemistry: For Students of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Sciences and Medicinal Chemistry. Newark: John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated. p. 251. ISBN 978-0-470-66558-9. In terms of the nomenclature, the denticity of the ligand is denoted by the Greek letter κ (kappa)
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