Kaskian language
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| Kaskian | |
|---|---|
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| Region | Northeastern Anatolia Colchis[1] |
| Ethnicity | Kaskians |
| Extinct | c. 900 BC |
unclassified (Hatto-Kaskian?) | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | zsk |
zsk | |
| Glottolog | None |
| ELP | Template:Endangered Languages Project |
| Linguasphere | Template:Infobox language/lingualist |
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Kaskian (Kaskean) was the language of the Kaskians (Kaska) of northeastern Bronze Age Anatolia in the mountains along the Black Sea coast. The Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture lists the Kaskians as non–Indo-European.[2] There are a number of theories regarding the language family to which it belonged.
It is sometimes suspected that Kaskian was related to the pre-Hittite Hattic language, based on toponyms and personal names; the Hattic moon god was named Kasku. Conversely, the Kaskian language may have been an Indo-European language, perhaps related to Thraco-Phrygian.[3] There may also be connections to the Northwest Caucasian languages; the name Kaskian[4] may be cognate with an old name for Circassia,[5] and the name of one of the tribes in the Kaskian confederation, the Abešla, may be cognate with the endonym of the Abkhaz people and some Circassian people,[6] suggesting the Kaskians proper and Abešla might have been the ancestors of the Circassians, Kartvelians and other Caucasian peoples.[7] It has been conjectured that Kaskian might belong to the Zan family of languages, and have affinities to Megrelian or Laz.[8]
In 2023, D. Sasseville presented an unknown language preserved on several tablet fragments from the archives of Hattusa and argued on methodological grounds that it is the Kaskean language.[9]
The Kaskian language continued to be spoken around the Black Sea until approximately the 10th century BC, where it was absorbed by neighbouring Anatolian, Phrygian and Karto-Zan languages.[citation needed]
References
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- ^ Joachim Menant (1874), Annales des rois d'Assyrie (Paris) p.161
- ^ Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture p.29 (1997) https://archive.org/details/EncyclopediaOfIndoEuropeanCulture/page/n63/mode/2up?q=Kaskians
- ^ Fred Woudhuizen. The Saga of the Argonauts: A Reflex of Thraco-Phrygian Maritime Encroachment on the Southern Pontic Littoral Dutch Archaeological and Historical Society. 2012. https://www.academia.edu/7174237/The_Saga_of_the_Argonauts_A_Reflex_of_Thraco_Phrygian_Maritime_Encroachment_on_the_Southern_Pontic_Littoral
- ^ Hittite Kaškaš, Assyrian Kaška, Egyptian Kškš
- ^ Arabic kašak, Old Georgian kaški, Old Armenian gašk, Old Russian kasogi, Ossetic kæsæg, Byzantine Greek Κασαχία Kasakhía
- ^ Abkhaz Аҧсуа Apswa, Old Georgian apsil-, apšil-, Old Armenian apšeł-k, Greek Αψίλαι apsílai, Latin Absilae
- ^ George Hewitt, 1998. The Abkhazians, p 49
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Singer, Itamar (2007). "Who were the Kaška?" (PDF). Phasis. 10 (II). Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University: 178. Retrieved 6 June 2018.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Sasseville, David. "Kaskean. A new recorded language in the archives of Ḫattuša?".
- Bibliography
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Sasseville, David (2025a). "Kaskean: A New Recorded Language in the Archives of Ḫattuša?". Altorientalische Forschungen. 52 (1): 70–92. doi:10.1515/aofo-2025-2005.
Further reading
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Sasseville, David (2025b). "Appendix 2 The Language of KBo 19.164+". Contacts of Languages and Peoples in the Hittite and Post-Hittite World. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill. pp. 389–390. doi:10.1163/9789004729704_020.
