Kayoa

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Kayoa
Native name:
Pulau Urimatiti
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Geography
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ArchipelagoMaluku Islands
Total islands66
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Highest elevation422 m (1385 ft)
Highest pointMount Tigalalu
Administration
Indonesia
ProvinceNorth Maluku
Demographics
Population22,232 (mid 2024)
Pop. density123.5/km2 (319.9/sq mi)

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Kayoa (also Kaioa), or in the native language Pulau Urimatiti, is a group of 66 islands, part of the Maluku Islands. It is located in South Halmahera Regency, part of North Maluku Province of Indonesia.

Geography

The Kayoa Islands are near the southern end of a chain of volcanic islands off the western coast of Halmaherato (Halmahera region), to the south of Makian and to the north of Bacan.[1] The 66 islands cover a land area of 179.97 km2. The main island is about 10 miles (16 km) long, about 9 miles (14.5 km) south of Makian with a line of hills along most of its length.[2] The group forms four districts within South Halmahera Regency, and it had a total population of 20,176 at the 2010 Census[3] and 23,111 at the 2020 Census.[4] The official estimate for mid 2024 was 22,232.[5]

The islands were for centuries the only place in the world where cloves were produced. Kayoa lies on the equator and is subject to regular heavy rain in the two monsoon seasons, which are December to March and June to July.[6]

The stratovolcano Mount Tigalalu lies at the western end of Kayoa, partly flanked by coral limestones.[7] However, Kayoa Island differs from its neighbours in being composed mainly of sedimentary rather than volcanic rock. Its western side consists of terraces of raised coral limestone with pumice and beach sand.[6]

Name of
District		 English
name		 Area
in
km2		 Pop'n
Census
2010		 Pop'n
Census
2020		 Pop'n
Estimate
mid 2024		 Admin
centre		 No.
of
villages		 Post
code
Kayoa 87.62 8,180 9,057 8,664 Guruapin 14 97780
Kayoa Barat West Kayoa 27.07 3,469 4,336 4,121 Busua 4 97781
Kayoa Selatan South Kayoa 26.06 5,856 6,822 6,658 Laluin 6 97780
Kayoa Utara North Kayoa 39.22 2,671 2,896 2,789 Laromabati 6 97781

Kayoa Barat District - comprising Mauri Island (Pulau Mauri) and 4 smaller islands - is actually closer to the Bacan Islands than to Kayoa Island. The rest of the archipelago comprises a number of groups and individual islands - the largest being Pulau Kayoa and Pulau Waidoba in the east, and Pulau Taneti in the southwest, with a number of smaller islands northwards from Taneti Island - including the Gora Ici Islands, Gunange, Laigoma, Siko and Gafi.

Villages

The four districts are sub-divided into thirty administrative villages (desa) as tabulated below:

Name of
District		 Name of
Island		 Kode
Wilayah		 Name of
desa		 Area
in
km2		 Pop'n
Estimate
mid 2024		 Post
code
Kayoa [8] Siko 82.04.02.2004 Siko 4.50 398 97780
Gafi 82.04.02.2005 Gafi 1.30 308
Laigoma 82.04.02.2006 Laigoma 1.70 280
Taneti 82.04.02.2016 Ligua 13.00 135
82.04.02.2017 Kida 8.20 183
82.04.02.2018 Buli 14.10 375
Gora Ici Islands 82.04.02.2019 Talimau 1.70 808
Gunange 82.04.02.2020 Gunange 1.90 498
Gora Ici Islands 82.04.02.2021 Lelei 1.80 614
Kayoa 82.04.02.2022 Bajo 3.10 1,753
82.04.02.2023 Guruapin 26.40 2,269
82.04.02.2024 Karamat 4.20 375
Tawabi 82.04.02.2029 Tawabi 3.40 459
Gora Ici Islands 82.04.02.2030 Dorolamo 2.30 209
Kayoa Selatan [9] Kayoa 82.04.12.2001 Ngute-Ngute 6.60 403 97780
Waidoba 82.04.12.2002 Laluin 2.50 2,630
Kayoa 82.04.12.2003 Posi-Posi 5.20 1,135
Waidoba 82.04.12.2004 Sagawele 5.70 947
82.04.12.2005 Orimakurunga 2.10 1,195
82.04.12.2006 Pasir Putih 3.80 348
Kayoa Utara [10] Kayoa 82.04.13.2001 Modayama 3.50 677 97781
82.04.13.2002 Laromabati 14.00 721
82.04.13.2003 Gayap 10.20 475
82.04.13.2004 Ake Jailolo 6.40 258
82.04.13.2005 Wayasipang 2.50 269
82.04.13.2006 Ngokonalako 2.60 389
Kayoa Barat [11] Mauri 82.04.11.2001 Bokimiake 10.40 806 97781
82.04.11.2002 Hatejawa 6.10 538
82.04.11.2003 Busua 6.10 2,419
82.04.11.2004 Fofao 4.50 358

Languages and archaeology

There are two native languages on Kayoa island, as well as Indonesian. The language named West Makian, spoken by about 12,000 people in Kayoa and its outlying islands, is one of the North Halmahera languages, which appear to fall within the West Papuan family.[12] The language named Taba or East Makian is one of the Austronesian languages.[13]

Archaeological evidence shows a foraging culture on Kayoa before around 3,500 years ago, changing at that time to an agricultural way of life with animals including pigs and dogs, red-slipped pottery, shell bracelets and beads, and polished stone tools such as adzes. This change shows the arrival on Kayoa of a new culture by 1500 BC.[14][15] From 2,000 years ago the islands started to trade spices to India and beyond.[14] Chinese copper money is found in jar burials of between 2,000 and 1,000 years ago in the Uattamdi cave shelter on Kayoa, implying that trade in cloves began early on the island. With the jars are glass beads, pieces of bronze and iron, and large shells from the coral reef. One of the burial vessels has rectangular and triangular patterns like those found at Leang Buidane but not on nearby islands.[6]

Natural history

File:Moluccan Beetles from Malay Archipelago 1869.jpg
"Moluccan Beetles"

Naturalist Alfred Russel Wallace visited Kayoa, as described in his 1869 book The Malay Archipelago.[16] He records that

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References

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  1. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Kayoa". GetaMap.net. Retrieved 22 March 2013.
  2. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Anon (1916). Publications of the United States Hydrographic Office. Hydrographic Office. p. 91.
  3. ^ Biro Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2011.
  4. ^ Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2021.
  5. ^ Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2025.
  6. ^ a b c Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Peregrine, Peter Neal; Ember, Melvin, eds. (2001). "Uattamdi". Encyclopedia of Prehistory. Vol. 3: East Asia and Oceania. Springer. ISBN 0306462575.
  7. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Tigalalu". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution. Archived from the original on 20 February 2013. Retrieved 22 March 2013.
  8. ^ BPS Kecamatan Kayoa 26 September 2025 (Katalog 11020091.8204060).
  9. ^ BPS Kecamatan Kayoa Selatan 26 September 2025 (Katalog 11020091.8204062).
  10. ^ BPS Kecamatan Kayoa Utara 26 September 2025 (Katalog 11020091.8204063).
  11. ^ BPS Kecamatan Kayoa Barat 26 September 2025 (Katalog 11020091.8204061).
  12. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Watuseke, F.S. (September 1976). "LinguisticsWest Makian, a Language of the North-Halmahéra Group of the West-Irian Phylum". Anthropological Linguistics. 18 (6): 274–285. JSTOR 30027583.
  13. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Bowden, John; Hajek, John (June 1996). "Phonetic Representation Illustrations of the IPA: Taba". Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 26 (1): 55–57. doi:10.1017/S0025100300005326. S2CID 249406196.
  14. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Bellwood, Peter (1997). "The archaeology of Papuan and Austronesian prehistory in the Northern Moluccas, Eastern Indonesia". In Blench, Roger; Spriggs, Matthew (eds.). Archaeology and Language II: Archaeological Data and Linguistic Hypotheses. Psychology Press. pp. 128–129. ISBN 9780415117616.
  15. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Ooi, Keat Gin (2004). Southeast Asia: A Historical Encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor, Volume 1. ABC-CLIO. p. 954. ISBN 9781576077702. Retrieved 23 March 2013.
  16. ^ Wallace, 1869. Volume 2, Chapter 23. pp. 28–33.

Bibliography

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