Khmelnytskyi

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Khmelnytskyi
Хмельницький
City
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  • Clockwise from top: Regional Art Museum
  • Restaurant Elephant
  • Church of St. George the Victorious
  • City Council Building
  • House of the Officers
  • Pharmacy
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Flag
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Coat of arms
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CountryFile:Flag of Ukraine.svg Ukraine
OblastKhmelnytskyi Oblast
RaionKhmelnytskyi Raion
HromadaKhmelnytskyi urban hromada
First mentioned1431
City rights22 September 1937
Government
 • MayorOleksandr Symchyshyn [uk][1] (Svoboda[1])
Area
 • Total
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Population
 (2022)
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Population
 (2022)
 • Total
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 • DensityScript error: No such module "ConvertIB".
Template:Pluralize from textTemplate:Pluralize from text
Postal code
29000
Template:Pluralize from text+380 382Template:Pluralize from text
Websitekhmelnytsky.com

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Khmelnytskyi[a] (Template:Langx, Script error: No such module "IPA".) is a city in western Ukraine. Located on the Southern Bug, it serves as the administrative centre of Khmelnytskyi Oblast as well as Khmelnytskyi Raion within the oblast.[2] With a population of Template:Ua-pop-est2022 Khmelnytskyi is the second-largest city in the historical region of Podolia, after Vinnytsia.

The city was first mentioned in 1431 as a military outpost. Under the Polish rule it was known as Płoskirów. It was seized by Cossacks during the Khmelnytsky Uprising and was later ruled by the Ottomans until 1699. The city was passed to Russia in 1793 as a result of the Second Partition of Poland, and became part of the newly-formed Podolia Governorate, where it became known as Proskuriv or Proskurov. From 1917 to 1920, it was controlled by the short-lived Ukrainian People's Republic before becoming part of Soviet Ukraine. The city's Jewish population fell from 42 per cent in 1939 to 10 per cent in 1959 as a result of the Holocaust.[3] In 1954, it was renamed Khmelnytskyi in honor of the Cossack leader Bohdan Khmelnytsky.

Khmelnytskyi is the location of a rail junction and an important industrial centre, as well as a centre for higher education such as the Khmelnytskyi National University and the Khmelnytskyi Oblast Ukrainian Music and Drama Theater.

Names

File:Hondius Bohdan Khmelnytsky.jpg
Bohdan Khmelnytsky

Khmelnytskyi had several names throughout history. In the oldest written evidence about this settlement, the name of the city was mentioned as Ploskirowce,[b] while later documents mentioned its name as Płoskirów,[c] which probably comes from the name of the Ploska River.[4]

In 1793, the city was renamed Proskurov,[d] which appeared on the decree to create Podolia Governorate. This toponym is very similar to the name "proskura", which is a bread in the liturgical service.[5]

On 16 January 1954, celebrating the Union of Russia and Ukraine Tercentenary, Proskuriv was renamed to Khmelnytskyi in honor of Bohdan Khmelnytsky, the Cossack hetman who rebelled against the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.

History

Ancient, medieval and early modern eras

The city foundation date is uncertain. The territory where Khmelnytskyi is situated has been inhabited for a very long time. Many archaeological discoveries have been made in the city suburbs. For example, to the East of Lezneve district, there was a settlement from the Bronze Age 2000 B.C., and from Scythian times from 7–3 century B.C.[6] The first mention of the city was written with Cyrillic alphabet. The earliest known mention in historical sources was in 1431,[7] when it was known as Płoskirów (Ploskirov, Плоскиров) and was part of the Kingdom of Poland. It was a royal city of Poland, administratively located in the Podolian Voivodeship in the Lesser Poland Province.

File:Плоскирівський замок графічна реконструкція.jpg
Contemporary visualization of the 17th-century city

In 1550 King Sigismund II Augustus granted the town to standard-bearer Maciej Włodek as a reward for his military service.[8] In 1578, King Stephen Bathory established weekly markets and three annual fairs.[8] After the death of Stanisław Włodek, son of Maciej, Płoskirów became again a royal city of Poland.[8] It was completely devastated during the Khmelnytsky Uprising, thus as of 1662 it had only 12 inhabitants, who did not pay any taxes.[8][9] Płoskirów became a private town of the magnate Zamoyski family.[9]

Polish rule was briefly interrupted by the Ottomans between 1672 and 1699. During this period, it was a subdivision of Mejibuji sanjak in Podolia Eyalet as Poloskiruf.[10] The recovery of the city was halted by Ottoman rule. After Poland regained the city, the Zamoyski family came back and brought Poles from Mazovia to resettle the city, exempting the new inhabitants from taxes for the first few years.[9] As of 1765, the city had furriers', weavers' and coopers' guilds.[8] In 1775 King Stanisław August Poniatowski to help further rebuild the city established two additional annual fairs, each lasting two weeks.[8]

19th and early 20th century

After the Second Partition of Poland in 1793, the city was annexed by the Russian Empire and was renamed Proskurov (Script error: No such module "Lang".). Russification policies were enacted and intensified after the unsuccessful Polish uprisings of 1830–31 and 1863–65.[11] Nevertheless, local Poles retained their language and customs, including folk costumes inspired by the Biłgoraj area.[11] Writer Maria Dunin-Kozicka noted that Polish was still widely spoken in the city.[11] According to the Russian census of 1897, Proskurov with a population of 22,855 was the fifth largest city of Podolia after Kamianets-Podilskyi, Uman, Vinnytsia and Balta.

File:Proskurov Aleksandrovskaya 01.jpg
Early-20th-century postcard

With the fall of the Russian Empire, the city was contested by Poles, Ukrainians and Soviets. During that period, a series of anti-Jewish pogroms were carried out in the region, known together as the Proskurov pogrom. According to Vinnytsia's city archives, the pogrom was conducted on the Friday night of February 15, 1919, by one of the otamans (generals) of the Ukrainian People's Army, Otaman Semysenko (also rendered as Semesenko). Estimates vary as to the number of victims, some putting the death toll at 1,500 Jews in Proskurov alone, with 600 more killed in nearby Filshtein.[12]

The Chief Otaman Petliura had been appointed head of state just two days prior to the tragedy, on February the 13th. Petliura issued Order 131 in which he mentioned the fact that numerous Jewish parties in Ukraine (Bund, Poale Zion, Folks-Partei, Unificationists) rose to defend the sovereignty of the Ukrainian Republic and were cooperating with the Ukrainian government. He condemned such pogroms, calling those initiating them deserters and enemies of the State that must be liquidated. The order was co-signed by the Chief of Staff, Otaman Yunakiv. The order was published in the Ukraina newspaper on February 20 (March 4, new style). Later, Petliura issued a special order to execute Semysenko for being the pogrom initiator. According to sources the order was carried out[13] on March 20, 1920.[citation needed] Other sources claim that he was released.[13]

During the Schwartzbard trial, at the end of which Petliura's assassin was pardoned on the grounds of self-trail (revenge), the main argument of the defense was that Schwartzbard had acted as an avenger of the Jews killed in pogroms perpetrated during Petliura's rule.

During the Polish–Soviet War, in the first half of 1920 the city was controlled by Poland as part of the Podolian District, and afterwards it passed to Soviet Ukraine.

Interwar period

As part of korenizatsiia, in 1924, a Polish village council was established in the then village of Hrechany (Template:Langx; now a district of the city), whose entire population was Polish.[14][15] Hrechany was designed to become the capital of a new Polish National District, however, the plan was abandoned by the Soviet authorities.[15] In 1936, part of the Polish population was expelled to Kazakhstan.[16] During the Polish Operation of the NKVD, the local Polish population was persecuted with mass deportations and executions.[17] It was one of two cities in Podolia where the most Poles were executed (alongside Kamianets-Podilskyi).[18]

World War II

File:Phoca thumb l proskurow 111.jpg
A street corner during the German occupation

At the start of World War II, on 11 September 1939, the Ukrainian Front of the Red Army was formed shortly before the Soviet invasion on Poland, and its headquarters was located in Proskuriv.[19]

The town was occupied by the German Army from July 8, 1941[20] to March 25, 1944. On November 4, 1941, 5300 Jewish inhabitants of the town and surrounding villages were shot by an Einsatzgruppe.[21] A ghetto was formed on December 14, 1941, where all surviving Jewish inhabitants had to resettle and were subjected to forced labor. They were subsequently killed in the fall of 1942. More than 9500 Jews were killed in the town in total.[22] Some remaining local Poles were deported by the German occupiers to forced labour in Germany.[20] Since 1943, Poles, who were previously deported east from Proskuriv by the Soviets, were allowed to join the Polish People's Army, and many joined.[20]

Postwar period

In 1954 the city was finally renamed Khmelnytskyi (Хмельницький) in the honor of the 300th anniversary of a treaty negotiated by Bohdan Khmelnytsky.

File:Khmelnytskyi (Хмельницкий) Soviet-era Badge.jpg
A Khmelnytskyi badge, originating from the Soviet era.

Khmelnytskyi was home to the 19th Division of the 43rd Rocket Army of the Soviet Strategic Rocket Forces during the Cold War.[23] The intercontinental ballistic missile silos of the division that were housed there were removed and destroyed, partially with U.S. Cooperative Threat Reduction funding, during the 1990s.

File:Falling of Lenin in Khmelnytskyi park.jpg
Toppling of Lenin statue in Khmelnytsky park, Ukraine

After new archival sources had been presented at the 2006 conference City of Khmelnytskyi in the Context of Ukrainian History post-dated the city’s earliest mention from 1493 to 1431, it changed its official 513th anniversary commemoration to its 575th.[24]

Until 18 July 2020, Khmelnytskyi was incorporated as a city of oblast significance and served as the administrative center of Khmelnytskyi Raion though it did not belong to the raion. In July 2020, as part of the administrative reform of Ukraine, which reduced the number of raions of Khmelnytskyi Oblast to three, the city of Khmelnytskyi was merged into Khmelnytskyi Raion.[25][26]

Russian invasion of Ukraine

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On 10 October 2022, during the Russian invasion of Ukraine, the city was targeted by Russian cruise missiles as part of a major retaliation strike for the Crimean Bridge explosion, causing a blackout in the city and limiting water supply.[27]

During a missile attack on 31 December, a gas station and a military facility inside the city was hit by two Russian cruise missiles, killing at least one civilian and wounding nine. The attack also caused a partial blackout and damaged more than a dozen cars and several residential buildings, including a kindergarten.[28][29]

On 23 February 2023, Russian forces hit Khmelnytskyi with 3 Iranian-made UAVs of the "Shahed type", killing one person and wounding four. Additionally, the attack caused a fire and damaged multiple buildings.[30]

Geography

File:South bug08.jpg
Khmelnytskyi's riverside skyline on the Southern Bug, early 2010s.

Khmelnytskyi is the regional center of the Khmelnytskyi region which is located in the western part of Ukraine in the middle of Podillia, its total area makes up 8,624 ha (21,310 acres). Khmelnytskyi has a favorable geographical position. Khmelnytskyi is crossed by one of the longest rivers of Ukraine – the Southern Bug. Coincidentally, through the western portion of the city flows the small river Ploska.

The most abundant make up for the ground in Khmelnytskyi are layers of the following overburden: loess and loess-type rocks. The ground-climatic conditions of Khmelnytskyi are favorable for the cultivation of winter wheat and rye, sugar beet, potato and other crops. Khmelnytskyi is also ideal for the development of gardening and vegetable growing. In the territory of Khmelnytskyi there are the vegetations of two geobotanical zones of Ukraine: Polissya and forest-steppe. Khmelnytskyi and its greater region supplies many rock products, particularly building materials such as limestone, plaster, chalk, tripoli powder, crystal layers (granites, gneisses), sand, sandstones, and also graphite, saponite, kaolin, phosphorite, lithographic stone, and roofing slate. There are also deposits of peat, bitumen, shale, and oil.

Climate

The climate of Khmelnytskyi is moderately continental. The average temperature of Khmelnytskyi in its warmest month (July) is 20 to 22 °C (68 to 72 °F), and the average temperature in the coldest month (January) is −5 to −6 °C (23 to 21 °F). The maximum temperatures in the summer on average reaches 36 to 38 °C (97 to 100 °F), and the minimum temperatures in the winter on average is −24 to −30 °C (−11 to −22 °F). Khmelnytskyi's average annual temperature is 7 to 8 °C (45 to 46 °F). Khmelnytskyi's average annual precipitation is 510 to 580 mm (20.08 to 22.83 in).

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Demographics

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Historical population
YearPop.±%
189722,855—    
192627,298+19.4%
193937,481+37.3%
195962,473+66.7%
1970112,959+80.8%
1979171,801+52.1%
1989236,938+37.9%
2001253,994+7.2%
2011262,788+3.5%
2022274,452+4.4%
Source: [33]

According to a 2017 survey, 94% of the population are ethnic Ukrainians and 3% are Russians.[34] As of the 2001 Ukrainian census, 88.4% of the population were Ukrainians, 7.9% had an ethnic Russian background and 2% were ethnic Poles. Smaller minorities were Belarusians, Armenians and Ashkenazi Jews. The exact ethnic composition was as follows:[35]

Ethnic groups in Khmelnytskyi
percent
Ukrainians
 
 88.35%
Russians
 
 7.93%
Poles
 
 1.96%
Belarusians
 
 0.38%
Jews
 
 0.27%
Armenians
 
 0.11%
Moldovans
 
 0.09%
Azerbaijanis
 
 0.06%
Tatars
 
 0.06%
Gypsies
 
 0.06%
others
 
 0.73%

Language

Distribution of the population by native language according to the 2001 census:[36]

Language Number Percentage
Ukrainian 221 920 88.39%
Russian 26 006 10.36%
Other or undecided 3 151 1.25%
Total 251 077 100.00%

According to a survey conducted by the International Republican Institute in April–May 2023, 88% of the city's population spoke Ukrainian at home, and 9% spoke Russian.[37]

Education

Khmelnytskyi hosts 6 universities, 2 academies, 3 institutes, 12 colleges, 4 technical schools and 15 representative offices of other Ukrainian HEIs.[38][39] Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".

Transport

File:Станция Хмельницкий.jpg
Khmelnytskyi railway station

Khmelnytskyi has infrastructure for transportation connections with Moscow, Prague, Bratislava, Warsaw, Budapest, Belgrade and all major Ukrainian cities. The distance from Khmelnytskyi to Kyiv by railway is estimated to be 366 km (227 mi), by highway it is estimated to be 384 km (239 mi). The highways Kyiv-Lviv, Odesa-Lviv and Chernivtsi-Kyiv pass through Khmelnytskyi. The city is served by the Khmelnytskyi Ruzhychna Airport. Khmelnytskyi's airport has a 2,200 m (7,217.85 ft) concrete runway; at the airport there is a check point for crossing the state border of Ukraine.

Sports

File:Podillya Stadium.jpg
Podillya Stadium

Khmelnytskyi is home to the competitive football team FC Podillya Khmelnytskyi.

Points of interest

  • Proskurivska street, a modern central pedestrian street of the city, preserved buildings of the end of the 19th - the beginnings of 20th century in the styles of modernist, eclecticisms, Baroque, stone (characteristic only for Proskuriv).
  • The house of the former Oleksiyivske real school (now it is the building of the City Executive Committee)
  • The house of O. Brusilov (now is the House of Ceremonial events)
  • The church of Nativity of the Virgin (the first stone construction in the city)
  • The Protection cathedral
  • St. George church
  • Andriy Pervozvannyi church in "Dubovo" district

Notable people

File:Ponomarev oleksandr 2017 nazipov.jpg
Oleksandr Ponomaryov, 2017

Sport

File:Ruslan Kostyshyn.jpeg
Ruslan Kostyshyn, 2011

International relations

Khmelnytskyi confidently sets a course for European integration. The city of Khmelnytskyi became the winner of The Europe Prize in 2021 – it is the highest honor Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe, which is awarded to cities for spreading European ideals.

Twin towns – sister cities

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In addition, Khmelnytskyi also developed solidary partnership with Stuttgart and Dresden in Germany.[42]

In January 2016, the Khmelnytskyi city council terminated its twinned relations with the Russian cities Tver and Ivanovo due to the Russian military intervention in Ukraine (2014–present).[43]

See also

Notes

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  1. ^ Also rendered as Khmelnytsky, Khmelnytskyy and Khmelnitsky
  2. ^ Script error: No such module "IPA".; Template:Langx
  3. ^ Script error: No such module "IPA".; Template:Langx
  4. ^ Template:Langx, Template:Langx, Script error: No such module "IPA".; Template:Langx Script error: No such module "IPA".

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  40. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Khmelnytskyi and Sheffield became sister cities". Decentralization.ua. 19 December 2022. Retrieved 19 October 2024.
  41. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Підписано угоду про партнерство із районом міста Прага" (in українська). Khmelnytskyi. 20 March 2022. Retrieved 6 May 2022.
  42. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Solidaritätspartnerschaft" (in Deutsch). Dresden. Retrieved 19 October 2024.
  43. ^ Template:In lang Chernivtsi decided to terminate the relationship with twin two Russian cities, The Ukrainian Week (February 27, 2016)

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