Kinnow
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| Kinnow | |
|---|---|
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| Hybrid parentage | 'King' (Citrus nobilis) × 'Willow Leaf' (Citrus × deliciosa) |
| Breeder | Howard B. Frost, University of California Citrus Experiment Station in 1935 |
The kinnow is a high yield mandarin hybrid cultivated extensively in the wider Punjab region of India and Pakistan.
It is a hybrid of two citrus cultivars — 'King' (Citrus nobilis) × 'Willow Leaf' (Citrus × deliciosa) — first developed by Howard B. Frost,[1] at the University of California Citrus Experiment Station. After evaluation, the kinnow was released as a new citrus hybrid for commercial cultivation in 1935.[2]
Description
In a hot climate, plants can grow up to 35 feet (11 m) high.[3] Kinnow trees are highly productive; it is not uncommon to find 1,000 fruits per tree.[citation needed]
The fruit matures in January or February. It peels easily and has a high juice content.
Seedless kinnow/low seeded kinnow
The high seed content in this variety is a major hindrance in out-of-hand eating. Mikeal Roose[4] of University of California, Riverside, USA developed a low seeded kinnow and this variety was released under the name 'Kinnow LS' in the year 2011. H. S. Rattanpal[5] of Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India developed a low seeded kinnow through mutation breeding and recommended it under the name 'PAU Kinnow-1' in 2015. In Pakistan, a seedless kinnow has been developed (using the selection method) by Niaz Ahmad Chaudhry,[6][7] a team member of the National Agricultural Research Centre (NARC) in Islamabad[8] and the former director of the Citrus Research Institute in Sargodha.
Export from Asia
Most of the target export markets of kinnow from India and Pakistan are those of developing countries. Only 2.6 percent of kinnow exports target the markets of developed countries, which is due to the emerging demand for seedless kinnow by the developed countries. About 61 percent of total world exports of oranges and mandarins are of seedless varieties. Some important export markets for kinnow are: Iran, Bahrain, United Arab Emirates, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Indonesia, Malaysia, Afghanistan, Netherlands, Philippines, Singapore, the United Kingdom, Russia and Vietnam.[9] Indonesia has also offered market access to kinnow from Pakistan at zero per cent.[10] Over 40% of the Pakistani exports of kinnows went to Russia in 2015.[11] Internally, the prices of kinnow in Pakistan dropped more than 50% between 2016 and 2020.[12] The government of Pakistan is in the process of registration of kinnow as a Geographical Indication (GI). Pakistan's Ministry of Commerce notified Sarogodha Kinnow as a GI on 28 August 2021.[citation needed]
Harvesting and handling
Kinnow fruit seeds are planted between August and October. Harvesting starts when the fruit's external colour becomes orange, from December to February. The best harvesting time is mid-January to mid-February, when the fruit attains a TSS/acid ratio of 12:1 to 14:1. The fruit quality declines in later pickings. Fruits are harvested by clipping the stem with the help of sharp clippers (secateurs). The stem is cut as short as possible to avoid mechanical injury to the fruit in packing and transits. As it is a comparatively loose rind fruit, harvesting by pulling fruits with one's hands is avoided. Coating kinnow fruits with commercial waxes can increase the shelf life up to 60 days. The fruit can be stored in cold storage at a temperature of 4–5 °C (39–41 °F) and a relative humidity of 85–90%.[13]
Fruit processing
Food processing includes the selection of good-quality fruit. The ideal kinnow is firm to slightly soft, smooth-skinned with no deep grooves, and deep orange to almost red. Human hands can better judge and avoid product with soft spots, dull and faded coloring or rough and bumpy skin. Many processing technologies have been developed by state agricultural universities and other research institutes of India. Kinnow fruits can be stored at room temperature conditions or under cold storage conditions.[13]
Gallery
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Kinnow Flowers
Notes
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- ^ Hui, Y. H., M. Pilar Cano, and Josef Barta (editors). Handbook of Fruits and Fruit Processing. Wiley, John & Sons. 2006. Template:ISBN; page 312.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Kinnow". ucr.edu.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."newitworld.com". Archived from the original on 2015-02-04.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."UCR Newsroom: UC Riverside releases new citrus variety: 'KinnowLS'". newsroom.ucr.edu. Retrieved 2017-05-19.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Cross pollination: PAU low seeded kinnow scores over Pak variety". The Indian Express. 2015-04-02. Retrieved 2017-05-19.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Pakistan, currently the largest kinnow grower". 12 December 2010.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."ASLP Review Report" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2015-12-06.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."National Agricultural Research Centre (NARC)". Archived from the original on 2015-09-13. Retrieved 2015-12-06.
- ^ Marketing of Fruits Under WTO Regime, Dr. M. Sharif and Burhan Ahmad, Social Sciences Institute, NARC Islamabad Script error: No such module "webarchive".
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Indonesia, Pakistan ink trade agreement". Investvine.com. 2013-02-17. Archived from the original on 2013-02-19. Retrieved 2013-02-21.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Kinnow demand: Over 40% of exports go to Russian market". The Express Tribune. 9 March 2015.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Retail Prices of Kinnow in Pakistan from 2015-2020". Deliver It - Online Sabzi Mandi / Grocery Store in Islamabad. Archived from the original on 2020-04-14. Retrieved 2020-03-07.
- ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Citrus cultivation in Punjab" (PDF). Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India.
References
- Retail Prices of Kinnow in Pakistan from 2015-2020 Script error: No such module "webarchive".
External links
- Page Template:Sister-inline/styles.css has no content.Script error: No such module "Sister project logo". Media related to Script error: No such module "Commons link". at Wikimedia Commons
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