Kippah

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File:PikiWiki Israel 38772 Vacation Experience.JPG
Crocheted kippot for sale in Jerusalem

A Script error: No such module "lang".[a] (Template:Plural formTemplate:--), Script error: No such module "lang".,[b] or Script error: No such module "lang".[c] is a brimless Jewish skullcap, usually made of cloth, traditionally worn by Jewish men and sometimes women[3][4][5] to fulfill the customary requirement that the head should be covered. It is the most common type of head-covering worn by men in Jewish communities during prayers and by most Orthodox Jewish men at most other times. Among non-Orthodox Jewish individuals, some wear them at most times, while most wear them only during prayer, while attending a synagogue, or at other ceremonies, and others wear them rarely or never.

Etymology

The term Script error: No such module "lang". (Template:Langx) literally means "dome" as the kippah is worn on the head like a dome.

The Yiddish term Script error: No such module "lang". (Template:Langx) might be derived from the Polish Script error: No such module "Lang". or the Ukrainian Script error: No such module "lang". and perhaps ultimately from the Medieval Latin Script error: No such module "Lang". ("cowl" or "hood").[6][7] The word is often associated with the phrase Script error: No such module "Lang". (Script error: No such module "lang".), formed from the Aramaic word for "king" and the Hebrew root Script error: No such module "Lang"., meaning "fear".[8] Script error: No such module "lang". or Script error: No such module "lang". is another Yiddish term for the same thing.[9]

Jewish law

In the Hebrew Bible, very little is said about head coverage, besides the Cohanim (priests) who were obligated to wear a turban or hat as part of their Temple service.[10] The Israelites most probably wore a headdress similar to that worn by the Bedouin. Later on, they likely adopted a turban-like headdress more like that of the fellahin, in which a cloth is wrapped around a cap placed on the head, as suggested by Script error: No such module "Bibleverse"..[11] Yemenite Jews, in later generations, called the wrap around the cap a Template:Langx.[12]

In later centuries, there are testimonies in the Talmud that only the extremely zealous covered their heads regularly, as a sign of respect for God.[13][14] For example, Rabbi Huna ben Joshua never walked four cubits (6.6 feet (2.0 m)) with his head uncovered, saying "because the Divine Presence is always over my head."[15] However, such behavior was exceptional, and Jewish artwork of the Hellenistic period largely shows men with uncovered heads. In one place, the Talmud prescribes a blessing to be said upon "spreading a shawl upon [one's] head" in the morning;[16] such covering seems to have been the practice of Torah scholars, or of married men.[17] This practice may have been related to the Roman pileus (worn mainly by commoners and freed slaves[18]); by covering the head, one symbolizes that he is a slave to God.

Later Halachic authorities debate as to whether covering the head at all times is required.[19] According to some authorities, the practice has since taken on the force of law. The Shulchan Arukh rules that Jewish men should cover their heads and should not walk more than four cubits bareheaded.[20] Covering one's head is described as "honoring God".[21] According to the Mishnah Berurah, the Achronim established a requirement to wear a head covering even when traversing fewer than four cubits,[22] and even when one is standing still, indoors, or outside.[23] Kitzur Shulchan Aruch cites a story from the Talmud (tractate Shabbat 156b) about Rav Nachman bar Yitzchak, who might have become a thief had his mother not saved him from this fate by insisting that he cover his head, which instilled in him the fear of God.[24] In Orthodox communities, boys are encouraged to wear a Script error: No such module "lang". from a young age in order to ingrain the habit.[25] The 17th-century authority David HaLevi Segal held that the reason is to enforce the Halachic rule to avoid practices unique to non-Jews. Segal reasoned that, as Europeans are accustomed to going bareheaded, and their priests insist on officiating with bare heads, this constitutes a uniquely non-Jewish practice. Therefore, he concludes, Jews are prohibited from behaving similarly, and thus must cover their heads.[19] In a recent responsum, Rabbi Ovadia Yosef ruled that head coverings should be worn to show affiliation with the religiously observant community.[26]

Other opinions were more lenient. According to Maimonides, Jewish law requires a man to cover his head during prayer (but implicitly, not at other times).[27] Isaac ben Moses of Vienna (13th century) wrote that "our rabbis in France" customarily made blessings while bareheaded, though he criticized this practice.[28] Other Halachic authorities, like Chaim Yosef David Azulai, hold that wearing a head covering is not required, but is rather a Script error: No such module "lang". (an "expression of piety", i.e., praiseworthy but not required).[19] For this reason, the Vilna Gaon even ruled that one can make a Script error: No such module "lang". without a head covering.[29] In the 21st century, there has been an effort to suppress earlier sources that practiced this leniency, including erasing lenient responsa from newly published books.[30] Promotional images used by the Orthodox Yeshiva University show board members bareheaded as late as 1954.[31]

In non-Orthodox communities, some women also wear Script error: No such module "lang"., and people have different customs about when to wear a Script error: No such module "lang".—when eating, praying, studying Jewish texts, or entering a sacred space such as a synagogue or cemetery. The Reform movement historically opposed wearing Script error: No such module "lang"., but attitudes began to shift in the postwar era, as various social movements encouraged pride in cultural heritage.[32] By the 1970s, the movement had returned to many traditional practices.[33] In the 21st century, wearing a kippah during Torah study or prayer has become common and accepted as an option among Reform men and women.[34]

File:Zielona kipa z domu Szymona Klugera w Oświęcimiu, MZ-334-O 01.jpg
Green Script error: No such module "lang". found in a Jewish home in Oświęcim in Poland. Collection of the Auschwitz Jewish Center in Oświęcim
File:IDF soldier kippah put on tefillin-small.jpg
IDF soldier Lt. Asael Lubotzky prays with Script error: No such module "lang". and Script error: No such module "lang". (box of scrolls)

According to 20th-century rabbi Isaac Klein, a male Conservative Jew ought to cover his head when in the synagogue, at prayer or sacred study, when engaging in a ritual act, and when eating.[35] In the mid-19th century, early Reform Jews led by Isaac Mayer Wise completely rejected the Script error: No such module "lang". after an altercation in which Wise's Script error: No such module "lang". was knocked off his head.[36] Nowadays, almost all Conservative synagogues require men to wear a head covering (usually a Script error: No such module "lang".), but in Reform synagogues there is no requirement.[37] However, Script error: No such module "lang". may be provided to anybody who wishes to wear them.

Types and variation

File:Shabbatdinnerwithkippot.jpg
A Passover seder with two boys wearing kippot
A woman wearing a Bukharian yarmulke while studying a Torah scroll
A woman wearing a kippah while studying the Torah
File:Air Force Jewish Chaplain (Capt.) Sarah Schechter - Iraq.jpg
Rabbinical chaplain Sarah Schechter with fellow U.S. Airmen wearing camouflage Script error: No such module "lang".

During the Middle Ages in Europe, the distinctive Jewish headgear was the Jewish hat, a full hat with a brim and a central point or stalk. Originally used by choice among Jews to distinguish themselves, it was later made compulsory by Christian governments in some places as a discriminatory measure.[citation needed] In the early 19th century in the United States, rabbis often wore a scholar's cap (a large saucer-shaped cap of cloth, like a beret) or a Chinese skullcap. Other Jews of this era wore black pillbox-shaped Script error: No such module "lang"..

Often, the color and fabric of the Script error: No such module "lang". can be a sign of adherence to a specific religious movement, particularly in Israel. Knitted or crocheted Script error: No such module "lang"., known as Script error: No such module "lang"., are usually worn by Religious Zionists and Modern Orthodox Jews.[38] They also wear suede or leather Script error: No such module "lang".. Knitted Script error: No such module "lang". were first made in the late 1940s, and became popular after being worn by Rabbi Moshe-Zvi Neria.[39] Members of most Haredi groups wear black velvet or cloth Script error: No such module "lang"..

More recently, Script error: No such module "lang". in specific colors are sometimes worn to indicate political or community affiliation, such as the LGBT community, or in the colors of sports teams, especially football. In the United States, children's Script error: No such module "lang". featuring cartoon characters or themes such as Star Wars have become popular; in response to this trend, some Jewish schools have banned Script error: No such module "lang". with characters that do not conform to traditional Jewish values.[40] Script error: No such module "lang". have been inscribed on the inside as a souvenir for a celebration (bar/bat mitzvah or wedding). Script error: No such module "lang". for women are also being made and worn.[41][42][43] These are sometimes made of beaded wire to seem more feminine.[44] A special baby Script error: No such module "lang". has two strings on each side to fasten it and is often used in a Script error: No such module "lang". ceremony.[45]

Image Type Movement
File:Kippa.jpg Crocheted Religious Zionism, Modern Orthodox, Conservative Judaism, Reform Judaism
File:Kippa judentum.JPG Suede Modern Orthodox,[42] Conservative Judaism,[46] Reform Judaism[46]
Terylene[47] Yeshivish, Hasidic, Haredi, Lubavitch – Popular among Rabbis teaching in yeshivas and seminaries
File:Black Kippah.jpg Black velvet Yeshivish, Hasidic, Haredi[48]
File:Casamento judeu1.jpg Satin Page Template:Plainlist/styles.css has no content.
  • Conservative Judaism, Reform Judaism;
  • In Israel: Hilonim and Masortim during major Jewish traditions
File:Na-nach-nachma-yarmulke.jpg White crocheted Many Jerusalemites wear a full-head-sized, white crocheted Script error: No such module "lang"., sometimes with a knit pom-pom or tassel on top. The Na Nach subgroup of the Breslov Hasidim, followers of Rabbi Yisroel Ber Odesser, wear it with the Script error: No such module "lang". phrase crocheted in or embroidered on it.[49]
File:Bukharan kippah.jpg Bukharan[50] Popular with children,[41][50] and also worn by some Sephardi Jews, as well as liberal-leaning and Reform Jews.[51]
File:Yemenite kippah.jpg Yemenite Typically stiff, black velvet with a Template:Cvt embroidered strip around the edge having a multi-colored geometric, floral, or paisley pattern.
File:Beirut kippa.jpg
Kippah improvised from a piece of military uniform

In Goldman v. Weinberger, 475 U.S. 503 (1986), the United States Supreme Court ruled in a 5–4 decision that active military members were required to remove the Script error: No such module "lang". indoors, citing uniform regulations that state only armed security police may keep their heads covered while indoors.[52]

Congress passed the Religious Apparel Amendment after a war story from the 1983 Beirut barracks bombing about the "camouflage Script error: No such module "lang"." of Jewish Navy Chaplain Arnold Resnicoff was read into the Congressional Record.[53] Catholic Chaplain George Pucciarelli tore off a piece of his Marine Corps uniform to replace Resnicoff's Script error: No such module "lang". when it had become blood-soaked after being used to wipe the faces of wounded Marines after the 1983 Beirut barracks bombing.[54] This amendment was eventually incorporated into U.S. Department of Defense (DOD) regulations on the "Accommodation of Religious Practices Within the Military Services".[55]

This story of the "camouflage Script error: No such module "lang"." was re-told at many levels,[56] including a keynote speech by President Ronald Reagan to the Baptist Fundamentalism Annual Convention in 1984,[57] and another time during a White House meeting between Reagan and the American Friends of Lubavitch.[58] After recounting the Beirut story, Reagan asked them about the religious meaning of the Script error: No such module "lang"..[58] Rabbi Abraham Shemtov, the leader of the group, responded: "Mr. President, the Script error: No such module "lang". to us is a sign of reverence." Rabbi Feller, another member of the group, continued: "We place the Script error: No such module "lang". on the very highest point of our being—on our head, the vessel of our intellect—to tell ourselves and the world that there is something which is above man's intellect: the infinite Wisdom of God."[58]

Passage of the Religious Apparel Amendment and the subsequent DOD regulations were followed in 1997 by the passing of the Religious Freedom Restoration Act (RFRA). However, the Supreme Court struck down RFRA as beyond Congress's powers to bind the states in the 1997 case City of Boerne v. Flores. RFRA is constitutional as applied to the Federal government, as seen in Gonzales v. O Centro Espirita Beneficente Uniao do Vegetal.[59]

The Religious Land Use and Institutionalized Persons Act of 2000 (RLUIPA), 114 Stat. 804, 42 U. S. C. §2000cc-1(a)(1)-(2), upheld as constitutional in Cutter v. Wilkinson, 44 U.S. 709 (2005), requires by inference that Orthodox Jewish prisoners be reasonably accommodated in their request to wear Script error: No such module "lang"..[60]

The French government banned the wearing of Script error: No such module "lang"., hijabs, and large crosses in public primary and secondary schools in France in March 2004.[61]

The government of Quebec, Canada passed "An Act respecting the laicity of the State" in June 2019, which prohibits the wearing of "religious symbols" by government employees including teachers, police officers, judges, prosecutors, and members of certain commissions.[62]

Wearing by non-Jews

File:Lea Rabin-Clinton.jpg
U.S. President Bill Clinton wearing a Script error: No such module "lang". to visit the grave of Yitzhak Rabin on Mount Herzl

Though it is not required, it is considered a sign of respect when a non-Jew wears a Script error: No such module "lang". in a synagogue.[63] Script error: No such module "lang". are often provided to guests at a Bar or Bat Mitzvah.[64] They are also often provided at bereavement events and at Jewish cemeteries. According to the Conservative Committee on Jewish Law and Standards, there is no halakhic reason to require a non-Jew to cover their head, but it is recommended that non-Jews be asked to wear a Script error: No such module "lang". where ritual or worship is being conducted, both out of respect for the Jewish congregation and as a gesture of respect to include the non-Jewish guest.[65]

Script error: No such module "lang". were adopted as a symbol by some of the non-Jewish African American marchers in the 1965 Selma to Montgomery marches,[66] most prominently by James Bevel.[67]

The Hungarian Methodist pastor Gábor Iványi wears a kippah while leading his Bible study meetings.[68]

See also

Notes

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  1. ^ Pronunciation: /kiːˈpɑː/; Template:Langx, plural Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "lang".
  2. ^ Pronunciation: /ˈjɑːrməlkə/ Audio file "En-us-yarmulke.ogg" not found, Page Module:IPA/styles.css has no content.also US: /ˈjɑːməkə/;[1][2] Template:Langx, Script error: No such module "lang". or Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "lang".; Template:Langx; Template:Langx
  3. ^ Template:Langx Script error: No such module "lang".; Template:Langx

References

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  2. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."yarmulke". Lexico US English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 20 June 2021.
  3. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Learning, My Jewish. "Ask the Expert: Can Women Wear Kippot?". My Jewish Learning. Retrieved 29 April 2026.
  4. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Palmer, Jordan; SHAFRIN, RABBI JESSICA (4 January 2024). "Can women wear Kippot?". St. Louis Jewish Light. Retrieved 29 April 2026.
  5. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Sommer, Allison Kaplan. "Should a Jewish woman cover her head ... with a yarmulke?". Haaretz.com. Archived from the original on 21 March 2023. Retrieved 29 April 2026.
  6. ^ Etymonline.com.
  7. ^ Gold, David L. 1987. "The Etymology of the English Noun yarmlke 'Jewish skullcap' and the Obsolescent Hebrew Noun yarmulka 'idem' (With An Addendum on Judezmo Words for 'Jewish Skullcap')". Jewish Language Review 7:180–99; Plaut, Gunther. 1955. "The Origin of the Word 'Yarmulke'." Hebrew Union College Annual 26:567–70.
  8. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Gwynne, Paul (2017). World Religions in Practice: A Comparative Introduction (2 ed.). John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 9781118972274.
  9. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Koppel- Jewish English Lexicon". Archived from the original on 19 December 2018. Retrieved 4 July 2018.
  10. ^ Script error: No such module "Bibleverse".
  11. ^ "Head-dress", Jewish Encyclopedia.
  12. ^ "Clothing of the Yemenite Jews" Script error: No such module "webarchive"., Chayas.com.
  13. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Maman, Eliyahu. "הכיפה - למה ומדוע".
  14. ^ Shabbat 156b
  15. ^ Kiddushin 31a
  16. ^ Berachot 60b
  17. ^ Kiddushin 29b
  18. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Cobb, Thomas Read Rootes (1858). An inquiry into the law of Negro slavery in the United States of America. To which is prefixed, an historical sketch of slavery. University of California Libraries. Philadelphia : T. & J. W. Johnson & co.; Savannah, W. T. Williams. p. lxxix.
  19. ^ a b c Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Wearing a Kippa". Daily Halacha. Rabbi Eli Mansour. Retrieved 8 December 2011.
  20. ^ Shulchan Aruch, Orach Chaim 2:6
  21. ^ Shaar HaTzion, OC 2:6.
  22. ^ Be'er Heitev, Orach Chaim 2:6, note 4, who quotes Joel Sirkis, David HaLevi Segal, and Avraham Gombiner.
  23. ^ Mishnah Berurah 2:6, note 9, 10.
  24. ^ KSA 3:6.
  25. ^ Be'er Heitev, OC 2:6, note 5.
  26. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Yosef, Chief Rabbi Ovadia. Responsa Yechavei Da'ath.
  27. ^ Mishneh Torah, Hilkhot Tefilah 5:5
  28. ^ Or Zarua 2:43.
  29. ^ Biur HaGra, Orach Chaim 8:2
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  32. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Goldman, Ari L. (26 June 1989). "Reform Jews Are Returning to Ritual". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 13 September 2023.
  33. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Freelander, Rabbi Daniel H. "Birth of a Synagogue Movement: Reform Worship Through the Years". ReformJudaism.org.
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  42. ^ a b Living Jewish – Jewish Attire! Script error: No such module "webarchive"., Mazor Guide. Retrieved 19 December 2010.
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  53. ^ Congressional Record, 100th Congress, 11 May 1987.
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  56. ^ Bonko, Larry. "Rabbi's Camouflage Yarmulke Woven With Tragedy, Heroism", Norfolk Ledger-Star, 13 January 1984.
  57. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Remarks at the Baptist Fundamentalism Annual Convention". The American Presidency Project. 13 April 1984. Retrieved 20 April 2013.
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  61. ^ French Senate backs headscarf ban, BBC News, 3 March 2004.
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  66. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Negro Marchers from Selma Wear 'Yarmulkes' in Deference to Rabbis". Jewish Telegraphic Agency. Retrieved 25 December 2017.
  67. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Lucks, Daniel S. (19 March 2014). Selma to Saigon: The Civil Rights Movement and the Vietnam War. University Press of Kentucky. p. 187. ISBN 9780813145099.
  68. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Biosca Azcoiti, Javier (21 April 2026). "El predicador cristiano más peligroso de Hungría: ¿de la cárcel a la presidencia?" [Hungary's Most Dangerous Christian Preacher: From Prison to Presidency?]. elDiario.es (in español). Retrieved 21 April 2026. El local está lleno de simbología judía. A la entrada está la mezuzá, típica de los hogares judíos, y Gábor lleva la kipá durante la reunión. Su iglesia es metodista y ha dedicado su carrera a ayudar a los migrantes, a los pobres y a las comunidades más marginadas. [The place is full with Jewish symbology. At the entrance, there is a mezuzah, typical of Jewish homes, and Gábor wears a kippah during the meeting. His church is Methodist and he has devoted his career to helping migrants, the poor and the most marginal communities.]

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