Kofun

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File:NintokuTomb Aerial photograph 2007.jpg
Daisen Kofun, the largest of all kofun, one of many tumuli in the Mozu kofungun, Sakai, Osaka Prefecture (5th century)

Script error: No such module "Nihongo". are megalithic tombs or tumuli in Northeast Asia. Kofun were mainly constructed in the Japanese archipelago between the middle of the 3rd century to the early 7th century AD.[1]

The term is the origin of the name of the Kofun period, which indicates the middle 3rd century to early–middle 6th century. Many kofun have distinctive keyhole-shaped mounds (Script error: No such module "Nihongo".). The Mozu-Furuichi kofungun or tumulus clusters were inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List in 2019, while Ishibutai Kofun is one of a number in Asuka-Fujiwara residing on the Tentative List.[2][3]

Overview

File:Model of Kaichi Kofun.jpg
Reconstructed model of a late 4th century zenpō-kōen-fun (Kaichi Kofun), Nantan, Kyoto Prefecture

The kofun tumuli have assumed various shapes throughout history. The most common type of kofun is known as a Script error: No such module "Nihongo"., which is shaped like a keyhole, having one square end and one circular end, when viewed from above. There are also circular-type (Script error: No such module "Nihongo".), "two conjoined rectangles" typed (Script error: No such module "Nihongo".), and square-type (Script error: No such module "Nihongo".) kofun. Orientation of kofun is not specified. For example, in the Mozu kofun group, in Sakai, several of the circular parts are facing north, while other face east. However, there is no such formation in the Yanagimoto kofun group. Haniwa, terracotta figures, were arrayed above and in the surroundings to delimit and protect the sacred areas.

Kofun range from several metres to over 400 m long. The largest, which has been attributed to Emperor Nintoku, is Daisen Kofun in Sakai City, Osaka Prefecture.

The funeral chamber was located beneath the round part and comprised a group of megaliths. In 1972, the unlooted Takamatsuzuka Tomb was found in Asuka, and some details of the discovery were revealed. Inside the tightly assembled rocks, white lime plasters were pasted, and colored pictures depict the 'Asuka Beauties' of the court as well as constellations. A stone coffin was placed in the chamber, and accessories, swords, and bronze mirrors were laid both inside and outside the coffin. The wall paintings have been designated national treasures and the grave goods as important cultural property, while the tumulus is a special historic site.[4][5]

Locations and number

File:Zenpokoenfun.gif
Distribution of Zenpokoenfun

Kofun burial mounds and their remains have been found all over Japan, including remote islands such as Nishinoshima.[6]

A total of 161,560 kofun tomb sites have been found as of 2001. Hyōgo Prefecture has the most of all prefectures (16,577 sites), and Chiba Prefecture has the second most (13,112 sites).[7]

History

Yayoi period

File:YayoiFunkyubo.gif
Distribution of tombs in the Late Yayoi Period

Most of the tombs of chiefs in the Yayoi period were square-shaped mounds surrounded by ditches. The most notable example in the late Yayoi period is Tatetsuki Mound Tomb in Kurashiki, Okayama. The mound is about 45 metres wide and 5 metres high and has a shaft chamber. Broken pieces of Tokushu-kidai, cylindrical earthenware, were excavated around the mound.

Another prevalent type of Yayoi period tomb is the Yosumi tosshutsugata funkyūbo, a square mound with protruding corners. These tombs were built in the San'in region, a coastal area off the Sea of Japan. Unearthed articles indicate the existence of alliances between native tribes in the region.

Early Kofun period

File:Seta Iseki (Kashihara), shuko-bo.JPG
Circular groove tomb at Seta Ruins (Kashihara City, Nara Prefecture)
File:Hashihaka-kofun zenkei.JPG
Panoramic view of Hashinaka Kofun in Sakurai, Nara

One of the first keyhole-shaped kofun was built in the Makimuku [ja] area,[8] the southeastern part of the Nara Basin. Hashihaka Kofun, which was built in the middle of the 3rd century AD, is 280 metres long and 30 metres high. Its scale is obviously different from previous Yayoi tombs. During the next three decades, about 10 kofun were built in the area. They are now known as the Makimuku Kofun Group. A wooden coffin was placed on the bottom of a shaft, and the surrounding walls were built up by flat stones. Finally, megalithic stones formed the roof. Bronze mirrors, iron swords, magatama, clay vessels and other artifacts were found in good condition in undisturbed tombs. Some scholars assume that the person buried in the Hashihaka kofun was the shadowy ancient Queen Himiko of Yamataikoku, mentioned in Chinese historical texts. According to these texts, Japan was called Wa, and was a confederation of numerous small tribes or countries. The construction of gigantic kofun was the result of the relatively centralized governmental structure in the Nara Basin, possibly the origin of the Yamato polity and the Imperial lineage of Japan.

Mid-Kofun period

During the 5th century AD, the construction of keyhole kofun began in Yamato Province; continued in Kawachi, where gigantic kofun, such as Daisen Kofun of the Emperor Nintoku, were built; and then throughout the country. The proliferation of keyhole kofun is generally assumed to be evidence of the Yamato court's expansion in this age. However, some argue that it simply shows the spread of culture based on progress in distribution, and has little to do with a political breakthrough.

A few tombs from the mid-Baekje era were excavated around the Yeongsan River basin in South Korea.[citation needed] The design of these tombs are notably different. The tombs that were discovered on the Korean peninsula were built between the 5th and 6th centuries CE.[citation needed] There remain questions about who were buried in these tombs such as nobility, aristocracy, warriors or mercenaries.

Late Kofun period

Keyhole-shaped kofun disappeared in the late 6th century AD, probably due to the drastic reformation in the Yamato court. Script error: No such module "Lang". records the introduction of Buddhism during this era, which led to cremation becoming the primary funerary means of the nobility.

File:IshibutaiWithFigureSmallVersion2.jpg
The stone chamber of Ishibutai Kofun, said to be the tomb of Soga no Umako, Asuka, Nara Prefecture (7th century)

Types

Keyhole Kofun

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Keyhole Kofun, or Zenpokoenfun, are a notable type of Japanese ancient tomb consisting of a square front part (Script error: No such module "Lang".) and a circular back part (Script error: No such module "Lang".).[9] The part connecting the two is called the middle part (Script error: No such module "Lang".), which looks like a keyhole when viewed from above.[10]

File:NintokuTomb Aerial photograph 2007.jpg
The Zenpokoenfun where Emperor Nintoku is buried in Mozu tombs

Round Kofun

File:Gyoda Maruhakayama Tumulus In Spring 1.JPG
A round kofun

Round Kofun [ja] (円墳, enpun) are a kind of kofun that possesses only a round mound and lacks the square segment.[11]

Square Kofun

File:Otozuka Kofun Door.jpg
Otozuka Kofun [ja], a square kofun

Square kofun (方墳, hōfun) are a kind of kofun that possesses only a square mound and lacks the round segment. They are typically relatively smaller than the other shapes of mounded tombs.[11]

Scallop Kofun

File:CG Otomeyama Kofun 2 7pbw.jpg
A scallop Kofun cgi

Scallop Kofun [ja] is a kind of kofun defined by a circular body with a small part extending. This can make it an intermediate between a Keyhole-shaped kofun and a circular-type kofun [ja].[11]

Famous examples include Hokenoyama Kofun in the Makimuku ruins,[12][13]Template:Rp dated to around 250 AD,[13]Template:Rp and Nyotaizan Kofun.

Octagonal Kofun

File:220311 Kengoshiduka 1.jpg
Kengoshizuka Kofun a notable Octagonal Kofun, where Empress Kōgyoku is buried[14][15]

Script error: No such module "Nihongo". are a very rare kind of kofun characteristic of Emperors.

Many Japanese Emperors were buried in them including Empress Kōgyoku in Kengoshizuka Kofun,[14][15] Emperor Tenji in his Mausoleum,[16] and Emperor Jomei in Dannozuka Kofun[17]

From the end of the 6th century to the beginning of the 7th, the tumuli of the monarchs changed from square hōfun tumuli [ja] to octagonal hakkaku-fun [ja] tumuli.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.

List of Octagonal Kofun

Zenpō-kōhō-fun

File:大安場古墳1号墳.JPG
Ōyasuba Kofun, a Zenpō-kōhō-fun
File:Kofun06.jpg
General diagram of a zenpō-kōhō-fun

Script error: No such module "Nihongo". is a kind of kofun shaped somewhat like the more keyhole shaped Zenpokoenfun, but they have a square body rather than a circular one.[18][19] They tend to be smaller than Zenpokoenfun.[20] Yanaida Nunōyama Kofun is one of the largest of the type.[21]


There is a specific style exemplified by Yadani Kofun and Jinyama Tumulus Cluster and Rokuji Kozuka Kofun and Tomisaki Kofungun of Ōzuka-Senbōyama Sites as Script error: No such module "Nihongo"., which is square or rectangular, with protrusions on each of its four corners; however, it is unique in that it is not a true rectangle, but has a narrow waist, similar to a "two conjoined rectangles" type (Script error: No such module "Nihongo".). The slope of the mound is covered with fukiishi -like stones, with a row of larger stones marking its edge, and is surrounded by a two-meter wide moat. The yosumi-tosshutsugata style is unique to the late middle Yayoi period and is most prevalent in western Japan in areas influenced by the Izumo culture.[21]

Joenkahofun

File:Musashi-Fuchu Kumano-jinja Kofun, funkyu-1.jpg
Musashi Fuchū Kumano Jinja Kofun, a Joenkahofun

Script error: No such module "Nihongo". is a rare kind of kofun with a round dome top and a square bottom.[22][23][21]

They are associated with the Asuka Period.[22] Musashi Fuchū Kumano Jinja Kofun in Fuchū in Tokyo and Miyazuka Kofun are two notable examples.[21]

List of Joenkahofun

Yokoanabo

File:Yoshimi Yoshimi-hyakuana from afar.jpg
Yoshimi Hundred Caves, a cluster of Script error: No such module "lang"..

Script error: No such module "Nihongo". also sometimes referred to as Script error: No such module "Nihongo". or Script error: No such module "Nihongo". in Japanese are horizontal caves dug into cliffs and hillsides as graves for lower-ranking rulers.[24] Unlike kofun, they were not built up out of material, but dug into the existing landscape.[25] There is significant variation in the construction of Script error: No such module "lang"., but the interior usually has at least a Script error: No such module "Nihongo"., a horizontal hallway leading in from the entrance, and a Script error: No such module "Nihongo"., the main chamber where the body or bodies lay, and the exterior usually has a Script error: No such module "Nihongo"., a sort of open space out front which may have been used as a location for rituals before internment of the remains.[25]

UNESCO Kofun Group

This list includes the "Mozu-Furuichi Kofun Group: Mounded Tombs of Ancient Japan,"[26] which was inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site on 6 July 2019.[27]

Name Coordinates Property Buffer Zone
Aoyama Kofun Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found. 0.51 ha (1.3 acres)
Chuai-tenno-ryo Kofun Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found. 9.34 ha (23.1 acres) 350 ha (860 acres)
Dogameyama Kofun Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found. 0.06 ha (0.15 acres)
Genemonyama Kofun Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found. 0.09 ha (0.22 acres)
Gobyoyama Kofun Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found. 5.4 ha (13 acres)
Hachizuka Kofun Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found. 0.31 ha (0.77 acres)
Hakayama Kofun Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found. 4.34 ha (10.7 acres)
Hakuchoryo Kofun Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found. 5.65 ha (14.0 acres)
Hanzei-tenno-ryo Kofun Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found. 4.06 ha (10.0 acres)
Hatazuka Kofun Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found. 0.38 ha (0.94 acres)
Hazamiyama Kofun Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found. 1.5 ha (3.7 acres)
Higashiumazuka Kofun Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found. 0.03 ha (0.074 acres)
Higashiyama Kofun Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found. 0.41 ha (1.0 acre)
Ingyo-tenno-ryo Kofun Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found. 6.43 ha (15.9 acres)
Itasuke Kofun Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found. 2.42 ha (6.0 acres)
Joganjiyama Kofun Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found. 0.52 ha (1.3 acres)
Komoyamazuka Kofun Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found. 0.08 ha (0.20 acres)
Komuroyama Kofun Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found. 2.92 ha (7.2 acres)
Kurizuka Kofun Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found. 0.11 ha (0.27 acres)
Magodayuyama Kofun Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found. 0.45 ha (1.1 acres)
Maruhoyama Kofun Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found. 0.69 ha (1.7 acres)
Minegazuka Kofun Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found. 1.12 ha (2.8 acres)
Mukohakayama Kofun Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found. 0.33 ha (0.82 acres)
Nabezuka Kofun Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found. 0.14 ha (0.35 acres)
Nagatsuka Kofun Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found. 0.51 ha (1.3 acres)
Nagayama Kofun Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found. 0.97 ha (2.4 acres)
Nakatsuhime-no-mikoto-ryo Kofun Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found. 7.23 ha (17.9 acres)
Nakayamazuka Kofun Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found. 0.24 ha (0.59 acres)
Nintoku-tenno-ryo Kofun, Chayama Kofun and Daianjiyama Kofun Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found. 46.4 ha (115 acres)
Nisanzai Kofun Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found. 10.53 ha (26.0 acres)
Nishiumazuka Kofun Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found. 0.07 ha (0.17 acres)
Nonaka Kofun Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found. 0.19 ha (0.47 acres)
Ojin-tenno-ryo Kofun, Konda-maruyama Kofun and Futatsuzuka Kofun Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found. 28.92 ha (71.5 acres)
Osamezuka Kofun Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found. 0.07 ha (0.17 acres)
Otorizuka Kofun Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found. 0.51 ha (1.3 acres)
Richu-tenno-ryo Kofun Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found. 17.3 ha (43 acres)
Shichikannon Kofun Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found. 0.09 ha (0.22 acres)
Suketayama Kofun Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found. 0.12 ha (0.30 acres)
Tatsusayama Kofun Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found. 0.34 ha (0.84 acres)
Terayama-minamiyama Kofun Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found. 0.42 ha (1.0 acre)
Tsudo-shiroyama Kofun Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found. 4.74 ha (11.7 acres) 23 ha (57 acres)
Tsukamawari Kofun Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found. 0.07 ha (0.17 acres)
Yashimazuka Kofun Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found. 0.25 ha (0.62 acres)
Zenemonyama Kofun Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found. 0.1 ha (0.25 acres)
Zenizuka Kofun Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found. 0.3 ha (0.74 acres)

Aerial photos

See also

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Notes

  1. ^ 岡田裕之「前方後円墳」『日本古代史大辞典』大和書房、2006年。Template:ISBN
  2. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Mozu-Furuichi Kofungun, Ancient Tumulus Clusters". UNESCO. Retrieved 18 May 2011.
  3. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Asuka-Fujiwara: Archaeological sites of Japan's Ancient Capitals and Related Properties". UNESCO. Retrieved 18 May 2011.
  4. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Database of National Cultural Properties". Agency for Cultural Affairs. Retrieved 14 May 2011.
  5. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Database of National Cultural Properties". Agency for Cultural Affairs. Retrieved 14 May 2011.
  6. ^ 島根県遺跡データベース　Archaeological Database of Shimane（Japanese）
  7. ^ 兵庫県教育委員会 兵庫県の遺跡・遺物数の全国的な位置（pdf file, Japanese）
  8. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Krako-kagi Archaeological Museum (2013). "たわらもと2013発掘速報展". Comprehensive Database of Archaeological Site Reports in Japan. Retrieved 2016-09-01.
  9. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."前方後円墳". Kotobank (in 日本語).
  10. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."What are these keyhole-shaped mounds?". BBC. 2019-10-03. Archived from the original on 2020-11-16. Retrieved 2020-10-13.
  11. ^ a b c Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Mozu-Furuichi Kofun Group. Chapter 2: Description (PDF). pp. 21–163.
  12. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Hokenoyama Kofun - Long Barrow in Japan in Honshū". The Megalithic Portal. Retrieved 2023-11-10.
  13. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Kidder, J. Edward (2007-02-28), "Himiko and Japan's Elusive Chiefdom of Yamatai: Archaeology, History, and Mythology", Himiko and Japan's Elusive Chiefdom of Yamatai, University of Hawaii Press, doi:10.1515/9780824862848, ISBN 978-0-8248-6284-8, retrieved 2023-11-10{{citation}}: CS1 maint: work parameter with ISBN (link)
  14. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Kengoshizuka Kofun Tumulus, Koshitsuka-gomon Kofun Tumulus". Exploring the Footsteps of the Heroines of Asuka. Retrieved 2023-10-20.
  15. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Octagonal burial mound said to belong to ancient Japan empress reconstructed in Nara Pref". Mainichi Daily News. 2022-03-04. Retrieved 2023-10-20.
  16. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Gobyōyama Kofun (in Kyōto) [Gobyoyama Kofun 御廟山古墳, Tenji Tennō-ryō Tenji Tennoryo 天智天皇] Passage Grave". The Megalithic Portal and Megalith Map. Retrieved 2023-10-21.
  17. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Dan-no-tsuka Kofun [Dannotsuka Kofun 段ノ塚古墳, Jomei Tennō-ryō Jomei Tennnoryo 舒明天皇] Passage Grave : The Megalithic Portal and Megalith Map". 2023-10-16. Archived from the original on 2023-10-16. Retrieved 2023-10-20.
  18. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."About kofun -Scale and order- | Nonaka Kofun-Project for the Preservation and Utilization of Artifacts from Nonaka Kofun/Osaka University Department of Archaeology". www.let.osaka-u.ac.jp. Retrieved 2023-10-19.
  19. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Laporte, Luc; Large, Jean-Marc; Nespoulous, Laurent; Scarre, Chris; Steimer-Herbet, Tara (2022-08-22). Megaliths of the World. Archaeopress Publishing Ltd. p. 722. ISBN 978-1-80327-321-1.
  20. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Ikehara-Tsukayama, Hugo C.; Ruiz, Juan Carlos Vargas (2022-04-18). Global Perspectives on Landscapes of Warfare. University Press of Colorado. ISBN 978-1-64642-211-1.
  21. ^ a b c d Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Isomura, Yukio; Sakai, Hideya (2012). (国指定史跡事典) National Historic Site Encyclopedia. 学生社. ISBN 978-4311750403.Template:In lang
  22. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Kofun Culture". www.t-net.ne.jp. Retrieved 2023-10-20.
  23. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Nara National Research Institute for Cultural Properties". www.nabunken.go.jp. Retrieved 2023-10-20.
  24. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Ikegami, Satoru (2018). "The development of rock-cut tombs in the Japanese archipelago" (PDF). The Rissho International Journal of Academic Research in Culture and Society. 1: 174.
  25. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Ikegami, Satoru (February 6, 1994). 入門考古学講座横～穴墓とは何か～ [An Introduction to Archaeology: What are yokoanabo?] (PDF) (in 日本語). Kawasaki City Museum. p. 1.
  26. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Mozu-Furuichi Kofun Group: Mounded Tombs of Ancient Japan". UNESCO. 6 July 2019.
  27. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Seven cultural sites inscribed on UNESCO's World Heritage List". UNESCO. 6 July 2019.

References

  • 飛鳥高松塚 (Takamatsuzuka, Asuka), 橿原考古学研究所編, 明日香村, 1972.
  • 前方後円墳 (Keyhole-shaped kofun), 上田宏範, 学生社, 東京, 1969.
  • 前方後円墳と古代日朝関係 (Keyhole-shaped kofun and diplomatic relations between ancient Japan and Korea), 朝鮮学会編, 東京, 同成社, 2002.
  • Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Niiro, Izumi (1992). "V古墳時代 2古墳 a前・中期". Zukai Nihon no jinrui iseki 図解･日本の人類遺跡. Tokyo Diagaku Shuppankai. ISBN 4-13-026200-9.

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