Koku

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Template:Short description Template:For multi Template:DMCA The Script error: No such module "Nihongo". is a Chinese-based Japanese unit of volume. One koku is equivalent to 10 Script error: No such module "Nihongo". or approximately 180 litres (40 imp gal; 48 US gal),[a][1] or 150 kilograms (330 lb) of rice. It converts, in turn, to 100 shō and 1,000 gō.[2] One gō is the traditional volume of a single serving of rice (before cooking), used to this day for the plastic measuring cup that is supplied with commercial Japanese rice cookers.[3]

The koku in Japan was typically used as a dry measure. The amount of rice production measured in koku was the metric by which the magnitude of a feudal domain (han) was evaluated.[4] A feudal lord was only considered daimyō class when his domain amounted to at least 10,000 koku.[4] As a rule of thumb, one koku was considered a sufficient quantity of rice to feed one person for one year.[5][b][c]

The Chinese equivalent or cognate unit for capacity is the shi or dan (Template:Zh) also known as hu (Template:Zh), now approximately 103 litres but historically about 59.44 litres (13.07 imp gal; 15.70 US gal).

Chinese equivalent

The Chinese 石 dan is equal to 10 dou (Template:Zh) "pecks", 100 sheng (Template:Zh) "pints".[9] While the current dan is 103 litres in volume,[10] the dan of the Tang dynasty (618–907) period equalled 59.44 litres.[9]

The character 斛 hu was used interchangeably with 石 before the Tang dynasty. Since the Song dynasty, it has been an independent unit equal to half a dan.

Modern unit

The exact modern Script error: No such module "Lang". is calculated to be 180.39 litres, 100 times the capacity of a modern Script error: No such module "Lang"..[11][d] This modern Script error: No such module "Lang". is essentially defined to be the same as the Script error: No such module "Lang". from the Edo period (1600–1868),[e] namely 100 times the Script error: No such module "Lang"., equal to 64,827 cubic Script error: No such module "Lang". in the traditional Script error: No such module "Lang". measuring system.[15]

Origin of the modern unit

The Script error: No such module "Nihongo"., the semi-official one Script error: No such module "Lang". measuring box since the late 16th century under Daimyo Nobunaga,[16] began to be made in a different (larger) size in the early Edo period, sometime during the 1620s.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. Its dimensions, given in the traditional Japanese Script error: No such module "Lang". length unit system, were 4 Script error: No such module "Lang". 9 Script error: No such module "Lang". square times 2 Script error: No such module "Lang". 7 Script error: No such module "Lang". depth.[f]Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.[12] Its volume, which could be calculated by multiplication was:[11]Template:R/superscript

1 Script error: No such module "Lang". = 100 Script error: No such module "Lang". = 100 × (49 Script error: No such module "Lang". × 49 Script error: No such module "Lang". × 27 Script error: No such module "Lang".) = 100 × 64,827 cubic Script error: No such module "Lang".Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.[g]

Although this was referred to as Script error: No such module "Lang". or the "new" measuring cup in its early days,Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. its use supplanted the old measure in most areas in Japan, until the only place still left using the old cup ("Script error: No such module "Lang".") was the city of Edo,[17] and the Edo government passed an edict declaring the Script error: No such module "Lang". the official nationwide measure standard[16] in 1669 (Kanbun 9).[17]

Modern measurement enactment

When the 1891 Japanese Weights and Measures Act [ja] was promulgated, it defined the Script error: No such module "Lang". unit as the capacity of the standard Script error: No such module "Lang". of 64827 cubic Script error: No such module "Lang"..[14] The same act also defined the Script error: No such module "Lang". length as Page Template:Fraction/styles.css has no content.10⁄33 metre.[14] The metric equivalent of the modern Script error: No such module "Lang". is Page Template:Fraction/styles.css has no content.2401⁄1331 litres.[18] The modern Script error: No such module "Lang". is therefore Page Template:Fraction/styles.css has no content.240,100⁄1331 litres, or 180.39 litres.[19]

The modern Script error: No such module "Lang". defined here is set to equal the so-called Script error: No such module "Lang". (Script error: No such module "Lang". or "compromise Script error: No such module "Lang"."),[20] measuring 302.97 mm, a middle-ground value between two different Script error: No such module "Lang". standards.[h][21][20] A researcher has pointed out that the (Script error: No such module "Lang".) Script error: No such module "Lang". [ja] cups ought to have used Script error: No such module "Lang". which were 0.2% longer.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.[i] However, the actual measuring cups in use did not quite attain the Script error: No such module "Lang". metric, and when the Japanese Ministry of Finance had collected actual samples of Script error: No such module "Lang". from the masu-za [ja] (measuring-cup guilds) of both eastern and western Japan, they found that the measurements were close to the average of Script error: No such module "Lang". and Script error: No such module "Lang"..[24]

Lumber koku

The "lumber Script error: No such module "Lang"." or "maritime Script error: No such module "Lang"." is defined as equal to 10 cubic Script error: No such module "Lang". in the lumber or shipping industry,[25] compared with the standard Script error: No such module "Lang". measures 6.48 cubic Script error: No such module "Lang"..[6] A lumber Script error: No such module "Lang". is conventionally accepted as equivalent to 120 board feet, but in practice may convert to less.[26] In metric measures 1 lumber Script error: No such module "Lang". is about 278.3 litres (61.2 imp gal; 73.5 US gal).

Historic use

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The exact measure now in use was devised around the 1620s, but not officially adopted for all of Japan until the Kanbun era (1660s).

Feudal Japan

Under the Tokugawa shogunate (1603–1868) of the Edo period of Japanese history, each feudal domain had an assessment of its potential income known as kokudaka (production yield) which in part determined its order of precedence at the Shogunal court. The smallest kokudaka to qualify the fief-holder for the title of daimyō was 10,000 koku (worth Template:JPYConvert)[27] and Kaga han of the Maeda clan, the largest fief (other than that of the shōgun), was called the "million-koku domain". Its holdings totaled around 1.025 million koku (worth Template:JPYConvert). Many samurai, including hatamoto (a high-ranking samurai), received stipends in koku, while a few received salaries instead.

The kokudaka was reported in terms of brown rice (genmai) in most places, with the exception of the land ruled by the Satsuma clan which reported in terms of unhusked or non-winnowed rice (Script error: No such module "Nihongo"..[28] Since this practice had persisted, past Japanese rice production statistics need to be adjusted for comparison with other countries that report production by milled or polished rice.[6]

Even in certain parts of the Tōhoku region or Ezo (Hokkaidō), where rice could not be grown, the economy was still measured in terms of koku, with other crops and produce converted to their equivalent value in terms of rice.[29] The kokudaka was not adjusted from year to year, and thus some fiefs had larger economies than their nominal koku indicated, due to land reclamation and new rice field development, which allowed them to fund development projects.

As measure of cargo ship class

Koku was also used to measure how much a ship could carry when all its loads were rice. Smaller ships carried 50 koku (7.5 tonnes, 7.4 long tons, 8.3 short tons) while the biggest ships carried over 1,000 koku (150 tonnes, 150 long tons, 170 short tons). The biggest ships were larger than military vessels owned by the shogunate.

The Hyakumangoku Matsuri (Million-Koku Festival) in Kanazawa, Japan celebrates the arrival of daimyō Maeda Toshiie into the city in 1583, although Maeda's income was not raised to over a million koku until after the Battle of Sekigahara in 1600.

In fiction

The James Clavell novel Shōgun uses the Koku measure extensively as a plot device by many of the main characters as a method of reward, punishment and enticement. While fiction, it shows the importance of the fief, the rice measure and payments.

Explanatory notes

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  1. ^ 180 litres (4.9 imp bsh; 5.1 US bsh)
  2. ^ A koku of brown rice (unpolished rice) weighs about 150 kilograms (330 lb).[5][6] White rice (milled rice, polished rice) weighs about the same (150g per gō).[7] But 1 koku of brown rice would only yield 0.91 koku of milled rice (white rice)[6] after processing (Script error: No such module "Nihongo".), i.e., removing the rice bran).
  3. ^ Apparently 1.8 koku (1 koku and 8 to) was actually required for nourishment by a man each year, according to the conventional wisdom documented in a "home code" (kakun [ja]) of a certain merchant family in the Edo period.[8]
  4. ^ Each Script error: No such module "Lang". was determined to measure 1803.9 cubic centimetres (millilitres)Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. or 1.803906 litres.[12]
  5. ^ The Edo Period Script error: No such module "Lang". was roughly 180 litres or 5 bushels.[13]
  6. ^ Script error: No such module "Lang". = Page Template:Fraction/styles.css has no content.1⁄10 Script error: No such module "Lang". and Script error: No such module "Lang". = Page Template:Fraction/styles.css has no content.1⁄100 Script error: No such module "Lang". respectively.
  7. ^ Also =100 × 64.827 cubic Script error: No such module "Lang"..[12]
  8. ^ Between the common people's Script error: No such module "Lang"., 302.37 mm and the Script error: No such module "Lang".'s official Script error: No such module "Lang". 303.36 mm.[21] The Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". devised by a carpenter[20] is a type of the carpentry scale was the commoner's type of Script error: No such module "Nihongo"..Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.[22]
  9. ^ One type of Script error: No such module "Lang". is the aforementioned Script error: No such module "Lang".Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. which came into use in the Kyoho era (1716-1736).[23]

References

Citations

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  1. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Hayek, Matthias; Horiuchi, Annick, eds. (2014). Listen, Copy, Read: Popular Learning in Early Modern Japan. BRILL. p. 195, note 39. ISBN 978-9-00427-972-8.
  2. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Cardarelli, François (2003). "3.5.2.4.13.3 Old Japanese Units of Capacity". Encyclopaedia of Scientific Units, Weights and Measure. Translated by M.J. Shields. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 151. ISBN 1-85233-682-X.
  3. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Andoh, Elizabeth (2012). Washoku: Recipes from the Japanese Home Kitchen: A Cookbook. Ten Speed Press. p. 136. ISBN 978-0-307-81355-8.
  4. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Curtin, Philip D. (2002) [2000]. The World and the West: The European Challenge and the Overseas Response in the Age of Empire (revised ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 159. ISBN 0-52189-054-3.
  5. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Francks, Penelope (2006). Rural Economic Development in Japan: From the Nineteenth Century to the Pacific War. Routledge. p. xvii. ISBN 1-134-20786-7.
  6. ^ a b c d Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Rose, Beth (2016) [1985]. Appendix to the Rice Economy of Asia. Routledge. p. 84. ISBN 978-1-31733-947-2.
  7. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Yamaguchi, Tomoko 山口智子 (2017). "Mushi kamado de taita beihan no bussei to oishisa no hyōka" 蒸しかまどで炊いた米飯の物性とおいしさの評価 [Evaluation of physical properties and taste of rice cooked by steamed rice cooker, Mushikamado] (PDF). Bulletin of the Faculty of Education. Natural Sciences. 34 (2). Niigata University: 224.
  8. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Ramseyer, Mark J. (1979). "Thrift and Diligence; Home Codes of Tokugawa Merchat Families". Monumenta Nipponica. 34 (2). Sophia University: 224. doi:10.2307/2384323. JSTOR 2384323.
  9. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Wittfogel, Karl A.; Fêng, Chia-Shêng (1946). "History of Chinese Society Liao (907-1125)". Transactions of the American Philosophical Society. 36. Sophia University: 609. doi:10.2307/1005570. JSTOR 1005570. JSTOR 1005570
  10. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Perdue, Peter C. (2005). China Marches West. Harvard University Press. p. 598. ISBN 0-674-01684-X.
  11. ^ a b By definition. 1 Script error: No such module "Lang". = 10 Script error: No such module "Lang". = 100 Script error: No such module "Lang"..[2]
  12. ^ a b c Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Japanese government (1878). Le Japon à l'exposition universelle de 1878: 2ème partie (in français). Commission Impériale Japonaise. p. 18.
  13. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Wittfogel, Karl A. (1936). "Financial Difficulties of The Edo Bakufu". Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies. 1 (3/4). Sophia University: 314, note 26. JSTOR 2717787
  14. ^ a b c Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Nihon shakai jii 日本社會事彙 (in 日本語). Vol. 2. Keizai Zasshi Sha. 1907. p. 1252. 升 六萬四千八百二十七立方分
  15. ^ Weights and Measures Act (Japan) [ja] (1891).[14]
  16. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Yamamura, Kozo (1990), "8 The growth of commerce in medieval Japan", in Yamamura, Kozo (ed.), The Cambridge History of Japan, vol. 3, Cambridge University Press, p. 393, ISBN 9780521223546
  17. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Umemura, Mataji 梅村又次; Hayami, Akira 速水融; Miyamoto Matarō 宮本又郎, eds. (1979), Nihon keizaishi 1 keizaishakai no seiritsu: 17~18 seiki 日本経済史 1 経済社会の成立: 17~18世紀 (in 日本語), Iwanami
  18. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Koizumi, Kesakatsu 小泉袈裟勝, ed. (1981). Tan'i no jiten 単位の辞典 (in 日本語) (revised 4th ed.). Rateisu. p. 394.
  19. ^ Template:Harvp: "1,803.9 cm3".
  20. ^ a b c Weights and Measures in Japan: Past and Present (1914), pp. 18–19: "The setchū-shaku.. [which] Inō Chūkei.. invented.. a mean between the matashirō-shaku and the kyōho-shaku, and was therefore called the measure of setchū (compromise). The length is the same as that of the present shaku".
  21. ^ a b "Setchū-jaku せっちゅう‐じゃく【折衷尺】", Seisen-ban Nihon kokugo daijiten, Shogakukan, via kotobank. accessed 2020-02-07.
  22. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."kanejaku; kyokushaku" かねじゃく【曲尺】;きょくしゃく【曲尺】. Digital Daijisen デジタル大辞泉. Shogakukan. Retrieved 2019-08-03.
  23. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Ōtsuki, Nyoden; Krieger, Carel Coenruad (1940). The Infiltration of European Civilization in Japan During the 18th Century. Brill. p. 598.
  24. ^ Template:Harvp: "The results of measuring original vessels at both the East and West Script error: No such module "Lang". yielded (a value) near the average of Script error: No such module "Lang". and Script error: No such module "Lang". (=Script error: No such module "Lang".) Script error: No such module "Lang".".
  25. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Totman, Conrad D. (1989). The Green Archipelago: Forestry in Preindustrial Japan. University of California Press. p. 228, note 37. ISBN 0-52006-313-9.
  26. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.United States Forest Service (1945), Japan: forest resources, forest products, forest policy, Division of forest economics, Forest service, U.S. Dept. of agriculture, p. 11
  27. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Shōhisha bukka shisū (CPI) kekka" 消費者物価指数 (CPI) 結果 [Consumer Price Index (CPI) results] (CSV). Statistics Bureau of Japan (in 日本語). Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications. Retrieved 14 April 2018.
  28. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Kurihara, Ryūichi (1972). Bakumatsu Nihon no gunsei 幕末日本の軍制 (in 日本語). Shin Jinbutsu Ōraisha. p. 195, note 39. ISBN 9789004279728.
  29. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Beasley, William G. (1972). The Meiji Restoration. Stanford University Press. pp. 14–15. ISBN 0804708150.
Bibliography

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