Kreuzer
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The Kreuzer (Script error: No such module "IPA".), in English also spelled kreutzer[1] (/ˈkrɔɪtsər/ Script error: No such module "Respell".), was a coin and unit of currency in the southern German states prior to the introduction of the German gold mark in 1871–1873, and in Austria and Switzerland. After 1760 it was made of copper.[2] In south Germany the kreuzer was typically worth 4 Pfennige and there were 60 Kreuzer to a gulden. Kreuzer was abbreviated as Kr, kr, K or Xr.
Early history
The Kreuzer goes back to a Groschen coin minted in Merano in South Tyrol in 1271 (the so-called etscher Kreuzer[3]). Because of the double cross (German: Kreuz) on the face of the coin, it was soon given the name Kreuzer. It spread in the 15th and 16th centuries throughout the south of the German-speaking area. The Imperial Coinage Act of 1551 made them the unit for small silver coins.
In 1559 a value of 60 Kreuzer to 1 Gulden had been adopted throughout the southern states of the Holy Roman Empire, but the northern German states declined to join, and used the Groschen instead of the Kreuzer. The Kreuzer in turn was worth about 4.2 Pfennige (pennies). Thus one (golden) gulden was worth 60 Kreuzer or 252 Pfennige. Later currencies adopted a standard relationship of 240 Pfennige = 60 Kreuzer = 1 Gulden.
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Following the adoption of the Script error: No such module "Lang". in 1754, two distinct Kreuzer came into being. The first, sometimes referred to as the Script error: No such module "Lang"., was worth Page Template:Fraction/styles.css has no content.1⁄120 of a Script error: No such module "Lang"., valuing the Gulden at half a Script error: No such module "Lang".. This was used in Austria-Hungary. However, the states of southern Germany adopted a smaller Kreuzer Script error: No such module "Lang". worth Page Template:Fraction/styles.css has no content.1⁄144 of a Script error: No such module "Lang"., thus valuing the Gulden at Page Template:Fraction/styles.css has no content.5⁄12 of a Script error: No such module "Lang".. In fact, the southern German states issued coins denominated in Kreuzer Script error: No such module "Lang". up to 6 Kreuzer Script error: No such module "Lang". (equal to 5 Script error: No such module "Lang".), but in Script error: No such module "Lang". for higher denominations.
South Germany 1837–1873
The South German Currency Union of 1837 used a system of 60 Kreuzer = 1 Gulden and Page Template:Fraction/styles.css has no content.1+3⁄4 Gulden = 1 Thaler, with the Kreuzer equal to the old Kreuzer Landmünze. These Kreuzer continued in circulation until decimalization following the unification of Germany in 1871.
Austria-Hungary 1857–1892
Austria-Hungary decimalized in 1857, adopting a system of 100 Kreuzer = 1 gulden/forint. Page Template:Fraction/styles.css has no content.1+1⁄2 florins = 1 Vereinsthaler. The kreuzer was known as krajczár in Hungarian (krajcár in modern orthography), krejcar in Czech, grajciar in Slovak, krajcar in Slovene and Serbocroatian, creițar or crăițar in Romanian, grajcar in Polish.
See also
References
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- ^ New Shorter Oxford English Dictionary, 1997
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Coin Denominations". www.austriancoins.com. Archived from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 12 January 2022.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.D. Johann Georg Krünitz (1780), Oekononomisch-technologische Encyklopädie oder allgemeines System der Stats- Stadt- Haus- und Landwirtschaft und der Kunstgeschichte in alphabetischer Ordnung (in German), Berlin: Joachim Pauli, pp. 374–378
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External links
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