Large quasar group

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Template:Short description Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Sidebar/configuration' not found. A large quasar group (LQG) is a collection of quasars (a form of supermassive black hole active galactic nuclei) that form what are thought to constitute the largest astronomical structures in the observable universe. LQGs are thought to be precursors to the sheets, walls and filaments of galaxies found in the relatively nearby universe.[1]

Prominent LQGs

On January 11, 2013, the discovery of the Huge-LQG was announced by the University of Central Lancashire, as the largest known structure in the universe by that time. It is composed of 74 quasars and has a minimum diameter of 1.4 billion light-years, but over 4 billion light-years at its widest point.[2] According to researcher and author, Roger Clowes, the existence of structures with the size of LQGs was believed theoretically impossible. Cosmological structures had been believed to have a size limit of approximately 1.2 billion light-years.[3][4]

Other scientists have expressed doubt whether these structures really exist.[5]

List of LQGs

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File:Artist's rendering ULAS J1120+0641.jpg
An artist's impression of a single quasar powered by a black hole with a mass two billion times that of the Sun

Redshift, represented by "z," is a fundamental concept in astrophysics. It measures how much the light from celestial objects shift as they move away from Earth. A higher redshift value means the object is farther away in the universe.

Large Quasar Groups
LQG Date Mean Distance Dimension # of quasars Notes
Webster LQG
(LQG 1) 		1982 z=0.37 Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". Mpc 5 First LQG discovered. At the time of its discovery, it was the largest structure known.[1][4][6]
Crampton–Cowley–Hartwick LQG
(LQG 2, CCH LQG, Komberg-Kravtsov-Lukash LQG 10) 		1987 z=1.11 Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". Mpc 28 Second LQG discovered [1][4][7]
Clowes–Campusano LQG
(U1.28, CCLQG, LQG 3) 		1991 z=1.28 Template:Ntsh
  • longest dimension: 630 Mpc
34 Third LQG discovered [4][8]
U1.90 1995 z=1.9 Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". Mpc/h 10 Discovered by Graham, Clowes, Campusano.[1][7][9]
7Sf Group
(U0.19) 		1995 z=0.19 Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". Mpc/h 7 Discovered by Graham, Clowes, Campusano; this is a grouping of 7 Seyfert galaxies.[1][7][9]
Komberg–Kravtsov–Lukash LQG 1 1996 z=0.6 Template:NtshR=96 Mpc/h 12 Discovered by Komberg, Kravtsov, Lukash.[1][7]
Komberg–Kravtsov–Lukash LQG 2 1996 z=0.6 Template:NtshR=111 Mpc/h 12 Discovered by Komberg, Kravtsov, Lukash.[1][7]
Komberg–Kravtsov–Lukash LQG 3 1996 z=1.3 Template:NtshR=123 Mpc/h 14 Discovered by Komberg, Kravtsov, Lukash.[1][7]
Komberg–Kravtsov–Lukash LQG 4 1996 z=1.9 Template:NtshR=104 Mpc/h 14 Discovered by Komberg, Kravtsov, Lukash.[1][7]
Komberg–Kravtsov–Lukash LQG 5 1996 z=1.7 Template:NtshR=146 Mpc/h 13 Discovered by Komberg, Kravtsov, Lukash.[1][7]
Komberg–Kravtsov–Lukash LQG 6 1996 z=1.5 Template:NtshR=94 Mpc/h 10 Discovered by Komberg, Kravtsov, Lukash.[1][7]
Komberg–Kravtsov–Lukash LQG 7 1996 z=1.9 Template:NtshR=92 Mpc/h 10 Discovered by Komberg, Kravtsov, Lukash.[1][7]
Komberg–Kravtsov–Lukash LQG 8 1996 z=2.1 Template:NtshR=104 Mpc/h 12 Discovered by Komberg, Kravtsov, Lukash.[1][7]
Komberg–Kravtsov–Lukash LQG 9 1996 z=1.9 Template:NtshR=66 Mpc/h 18 Discovered by Komberg, Kravtsov, Lukash.[1][7]
Komberg–Kravtsov–Lukash LQG 11 1996 z=0.7 Template:NtshR=157 Mpc/h 11 Discovered by Komberg, Kravtsov, Lukash.[1][7]
Komberg–Kravtsov–Lukash LQG 12 1996 z=1.2 Template:NtshR=155 Mpc/h 14 Discovered by Komberg, Kravtsov, Lukash.[1][7]
Newman LQG
(U1.54) 		1998 z=1.54 Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". Mpc/h 21 Discovered by P.R. Newman[10] et al. This structure is parallel to the CCLQG, with its discovery, suggesting that the cellular structure of sheets and voids already existed in this era, as found in later void bubbles and walls of galaxies.,[1][8]
Tesch–Engels LQG 2000 z=0.271 Script error: No such module "Number table sorting". Mpc/h 7 The first X-ray selected LQG.[1]
U1.11 2011 z=1.11 Template:Ntsh
  • longest dimension: 780 Mpc
 38 [4][8]
Huge-LQG
(U1.27) 		2013 z=1.27 Template:Ntsh
  • characteristic size: 500 Mpc
  • longest dimension: 1240 Mpc
 73 The largest structure known in the observable universe[4][11] until it was eclipsed by the Hercules–Corona Borealis Great Wall found one year later.[12][13][14]

See also

References

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  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r R.G.Clowes; "Large Quasar Groups - A Short Review"; 'The New Era of Wide Field Astronomy', ASP Conference Series, Vol. 232.; 2001; Astronomical Society of the Pacific; Template:ISBN ; Script error: No such module "CS1 identifiers".
  2. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Wall, Mike (2013-01-11). "Largest structure in universe discovered". Fox News.
  3. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Wall, Mike (2013-01-11). "Largest Structure In Universe, Large Quasar Group, Challenges Cosmological Principle". The Huffington Post.
  4. ^ a b c d e f Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Clowes, R. G.; Harris, K. A.; Raghunathan, S.; Campusano, L. E.; Sochting, I. K.; Graham, M. J. (January 11, 2013). "A structure in the early Universe at z ~ 1.3 that exceeds the homogeneity scale of the R-W concordance cosmology". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 429 (4): 2910–2916. arXiv:1211.6256. Bibcode:2013MNRAS.429.2910C. doi:10.1093/mnras/sts497.
  5. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Do the largest structures in the Universe actually exist?". 21 November 2013.
  6. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Webster, Adrian (May 1982). "The clustering of quasars from an objective-prism survey". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 199 (3): 683–705. Bibcode:1982MNRAS.199..683W. doi:10.1093/mnras/199.3.683.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Komberg, Boris V.; Kravtsov, Andrey V.; Lukash, Vladimir N. (October 1996). "The search and investigation of the Large Groups of Quasars". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 282 (3): 713–722. arXiv:astro-ph/9602090. doi:10.1093/mnras/282.3.713.
  8. ^ a b c Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Clowes, Roger; Luis E. Campusano, Matthew J. Graham and Ilona K. S¨ochting (2001-09-01). "Two close Large Quasar Groups of size ~ 350 Mpc at z ~ 1.2". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 419 (1): 556–565. arXiv:1108.6221. Bibcode:2012MNRAS.419..556C. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2011.19719.x. S2CID 31553670.
  9. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Graham, M. J.; Clowes, R. G.; Campusano, L. E. (1995). "Finding Quasar Superstructures". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 275 (3): 790. Bibcode:1995MNRAS.275..790G. doi:10.1093/mnras/275.3.790.
  10. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Newman, Peter R (1999). Large groups of quasars in an ultraviolet-excess survey (Thesis). University of Central Lancashire. Bibcode:1999PhDT..........N. doi:10.17030/uclan.thesis.00020658.
  11. ^ ScienceDaily, "Biggest Structure in Universe: Large Quasar Group Is 4 Billion Light Years Across", Royal Astronomical Society, 11 January 2013 (accessed 13 January 2013)
  12. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Horváth, István; Hakkila, Jon; Bagoly, Zsolt (2014). "Possible structure in the GRB sky distribution at redshift two". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 561: L12. arXiv:1401.0533. Bibcode:2014A&A...561L..12H. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201323020. S2CID 24224684.
  13. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Horvath, I.; Hakkila, J.; Bagoly, Z. (2013). "The largest structure of the Universe, defined by Gamma-Ray Bursts". arXiv:1311.1104 [astro-ph.CO].
  14. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Klotz, Irene (2013-11-19). "Universe's Largest Structure is a Cosmic Conundrum". Discovery. Archived from the original on 2016-05-16. Retrieved 2013-11-22.

Further reading

  • R. G. Clowes; "Large Quasar Groups - A Short Review"; 'The New Era of Wide Field Astronomy', ASP Conference Series, Vol. 232.; 2001; Astronomical Society of the Pacific; Template:ISBN ; Script error: No such module "CS1 identifiers".

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