Leerfish
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| Scientific classification Edit this classification | |
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| Template:Taxon infoTemplate:Taxon italics (Linnaeus, 1758)
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The leerfish or garrick (Lichia amia) is a species of marine fish in the family Carangidae. It is the only extant member of the genus Lichia. It is native to much of the eastern Atlantic Ocean, from the Mediterranean and western Black Sea, north to France, and south along the coastal waters of western Africa, reaching as far south as eastern South Africa.[1][3][4] They are an important species in coastal recreational fisheries, especially in Africa.[5][6]
These fish can reach 1.5 m in length and more than 30 kg in weight.[7] They inhabit the coastal wave zone where they form small shoals to hunt other smaller fish, favouring mullets. In South Africa, they primarily breed in estuaries and move to marine environments after maturation.[5]
Taxonomy
Phylogenetic evidence suggests that a deep genetic divergence exists between leerfish populations in South Africa and Angola, likely divided by the Benguela Current. It has thus been recommended that these populations be managed as two independent stocks.[6]
Fossil record
An extinct relative, Lichia veronensis Bannikov, 1990, is known from the Early Eocene-aged Monte Bolca site of Italy, suggesting that the genus has inhabited its present range for nearly 50 million years. Another extinct species, Lichia alta Gorjanovic-Kramberger, 1891, is known from the Oligocene of Slovenia. Fossil Lichia remains tentatively assigned to the extant L. amia are known from the late Miocene (Messinian) of Italy, in the midst of the Messinian Salinity Crisis. This suggests that the extant L. amia must have diverged from its extinct relatives prior to this point, and that pockets of ocean likely persisted in the Mediterranean during this period of time.[8][9]
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References
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- ^ a b Script error: No such module "Cite taxon".
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- ^ Van Der Elst, R. (1993). A Guide to the Common Sea Fishes of Southern Africa. Struik Publishers. Template:ISBN.
- ^ Black Sea Fishes Check List Script error: No such module "webarchive".
- ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Murray, Taryn S.; Cowley, Paul D.; Bennett, Rhett H.; Childs, Amber-Robyn (2018). "Fish on the move: connectivity of an estuary-dependent fishery species evaluated using a large-scale acoustic telemetry array". Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 75 (11): 2038–2052. doi:10.1139/cjfas-2017-0361. hdl:1807/89234. ISSN 0706-652X.
- ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Henriques, R; Potts, WM; Sauer, WHH; Shaw, PW (2012-12-01). "Evidence of deep genetic divergence between populations of an important recreational fishery species, Lichia amia L. 1758, around southern Africa". African Journal of Marine Science. 34 (4). doi:10.2989/1814232x.2012.749809. ISSN 1814-232X.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Standard Encyclopaedia of South Africa. Vol. 6. Internet Archive. Cape Town: Nasou. 1970. p. 563. ISBN 978-0-625-00320-4.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link) - ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Carnevale, G.; Bannikov, Alexandre F.; Marramà, G.; Tyler, James C.; Zorzin., R. (2014). "The Bolca Fossil-Lagerstätte: A window into the Eocene World. 5. The Pesciara- Monte Postale Fossil-Lagerstätte: 2. Fishes and other vertebrates. Excursion guide" (PDF). Rendiconti della Società Paleontologica Italiana. 4 (1): i–xxvii. hdl:10088/25678.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Carnevale, Giorgio; Caputo, G.; Landini, D. (2008). "A leerfish (Teleostei, Carangidae) from the Messinian evaporites of the Vena del Gesso basin (Romagna Apennines, Italy): Paleogeographical and paleoecological implications". Bollettino della Società Paleontologica Italiana. 47 (2).
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