Liwan
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Liwan (Template:Langx, Script error: No such module "lang"., from Persian Script error: No such module "lang".) is a long narrow-fronted hall or vaulted portal in ancient and modern Levantine homes that is often open to the outside.[2][3] An Arabic loanword to English, it is ultimately derived from the Persian Script error: No such module "lang"., which preceded by the article al ("the"), came to be said as Script error: No such module "lang". in Arabic, and later, English.[4]
In its simplest form, the history of the liwan dates back more than 2,000 years, when the liwan house was essentially a covered terrace, supported by retaining walls, with a courtyard in front.[5]
In its more complex forms, the liwan house is composed of a large ceremonial entrance hall (liwan) at the front of the complex, divided into three sections, and flanked by two smaller liwans.[3] The back of the house opens onto a columned peristyle courtyard from which the main room and the private apartments opposite can be accessed, with symmetry on either side of the central axis.[3]
Mats and carpets are typically spread along the length of the floor of the liwan, and the mattresses and cushions along the length of the walls make up the diwan or divan seating area.[6]
Types of liwan houses
Three-arched house or Central Hall House
One type of liwan house is the three-arched house or "Central Hall House", as coined by Friedrich Ragette in 1974.[7] It is also known as the "traditional house" or "Late-Ottoman Arab House" in Haifa or the "Beiruti House" in Mersin.[7]
The 19th-century Levantine model of the three-arched house with many regional variations is found in the coastal regions of Lebanon, Syria, Palestine, and Turkey.[7] A representative example of the liwan house commonly found in towns throughout the West Bank and Gaza is the Al Imam house in Hebron.[8]
See also
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References
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- ^ Based on discussion in Victor A. Khoueiry, "Lebanese Domestic Vernacular," Architecture Week, March 6, 2002.
- ^ Abercrombie, 1910, p. 266.
- ^ a b c Davey, 1993, p. 29.
- ^ Houtsma et al., 1993, p. 218.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Victor A. Khoueiry (6 March 2002). "Lebanese Domestic Vernacular". Retrieved 2007-12-14.
- ^ Abu Salih et al., 2002, p. 32.
- ^ a b c Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Groupe de recherche sur l'architecture au Levant (GRAL) (1998-09-19). "Research Group on the Architecture of the Levant". European Association for Middle Eastern Studies (EURAMES). Archived from the original on 2011-09-30. Retrieved 2007-12-14.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Mouhannad Hadid, Architect (August 2002). "Establishing, Adoption, and Implementation of Energy Codes for Building: Architectural Styles Survey in Palestinian Territories" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-05-09. Retrieved 2007-12-14.
Bibliography
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- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Abu Salih the Armenian; Evetts, B.T.A; Butler, Alfred Joshua; bn Alī Magrīzī, Ahmad (2002), The Churches and Monasteries of Egypt and Some Neighbouring Countries, Gorgias Press LLC, ISBN 0-9715986-7-3
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Abercrombie, Sir Patrick (1910), The Town Planning Review, Liverpool University Press
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Davey, Eileen (1993), Northern Cyprus: A Traveler's Guide, I.B.Tauris, ISBN 1-85043-747-5
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Houtsma, Martijn Theodoor; Arnold, T.W.; Wensinck, A.J. (1993), E.J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913-1936, BRILL, ISBN 9789004097964
