Manhattanization

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File:Pano Manhattan2007 amk.jpg
The island of Manhattan in New York City, United States, from which the term is derived

Manhattanization is a neologism coined to describe the construction of many tall or densely situated buildings, which transforms the appearance and character of a city to what is similar to Manhattan, the most densely populated borough of New York City.[1] It was a pejorative word used by critics of the highrise buildings built in San Francisco during the 1960s and 1970s, who claimed the skyscrapers would block views of the bay and the surrounding hills.[2] With careful urban planning, the phenomenon became more accepted in time.[3] The term also gained usage as a buzzword for high-density developments in Las Vegas,[4][5] Los Angeles,[6] Dubai,[7] and Miami in the early 2000s[8] and again in the 2010s.[9] Another example is the high rise development in Toronto since 2007,[10] as well as rapid development of skyscrapers in Hong Kong and Tokyo since the 1970s, eventually allowing Hong Kong to possess more skyscrapers than New York.[11][12] The term has even been applied to many smaller US cities that have seen a large spike in downtown high rise rental buildings since the 21st century.[13]

Frankfurt

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File:Frankfurt Am Main-Stadtansicht von der Deutschherrnbruecke am fruehen Abend-20110808.jpg
Skyline of Frankfurt, known as "Mainhattan"

"Mainhattan" is a term referring to Frankfurt's skyline, especially that of its central business district, the Bankenviertel. The word is a portmanteau of Main, the river on which Frankfurt lies, and Manhattan, a reference to the inner city area's visually impressive high rises and skyscrapers, a special feature for a European city.

The first tall buildings were built in the 1960s. Originally, the expression was sometimes used derisively, but the connotation has changed to a positive one.[14][15]

Miami

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File:Miamimanhattanizationdowntown.jpg
Extensive "Manhattanization" was experienced during the 2000s in Miami. Pictured here is the Miami skyline behind the Freedom Tower in 2005.
File:Brickell construction 2015 from elevated perspective.jpg
High rise construction in a small portion of the Brickell district of Miami in 2015. Taken from one of the under construction Brickell City Center towers.

The term "Manhattanization" has been used to describe the 2003–2008 boom of real estate developments in Miami that brought the construction of more than 50 high-rise buildings throughout the city. As conditions in Latin America destabilized, many of Latin America's elites sought refuge in the city, especially in the Brickell area where Latin American money poured into the development of many of the urban center's condos.[16][17] A second housing market boom took place in Miami from 2012 to present (As of March 2024).[18] Along with the over ten thousand residential units added, the downtown area saw a revitalization and an increased prevalence of walking and public transport usage,[19][20] similar to Manhattan. Miami is sometimes likened to a "southern Manhattan" not only for its high rises, but for its large financial district.[21] Miami is now the US city with the third most skyscrapers (behind New York City and Chicago).

San Francisco

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File:Montgomery Street from Telegraph Hill, San Francisco.jpg
Montgomery Street in Financial District, San Francisco

The term "Manhattanization" was initially used to describe the construction of large skyscrapers in San Francisco's Financial District in the 1970s. Since then, tall buildings have proliferated in San Francisco. This has expanded to the South of Market neighborhood. From 2000 to 2018, more than 15 buildings taller than 30 stories were built.[22] There are now over 160 buildings taller than 73 metres (240 ft).

Proposition M (1986) slowed high-rise growth through the rest of the 20th century, but because of the Dot-com bubble of the late 1990s and early 2000s, and the tech explosion since then, tall buildings have proliferated in San Francisco. This has expanded to the South of Market neighborhood. From 2000 to 2018, more than 15 buildings taller than 30 stories were built.[23] By 2019, there were more than 160 buildings taller than 73 metres (240 ft). Prop. M's limits came back into play in 2014 because, for the first time in nearly 15 years, demand for commercial office space from companies like Google, LinkedIn, Dropbox, and Pinterest was greater than the cap set by the proposition.[24]

In the context of the California housing shortage, fears of "Manhattanization" have been used by NIMBYs to oppose housing construction. In response, YIMBYs in other states have warned of a "California-style housing crisis" to promote zoning reform.[25]

Santiago

File:Santiago landscape (cropped).jpg
"Sanhattan", in Santiago, Chile

"Sanhattan" has been used as a portmanteau to describe the developed cluster of skyscrapers in Santiago, Chile.[26][27]

Toronto

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File:Toronto August 2017.jpg
View of Toronto's skyline in 2017 from the Toronto Islands

Downtown Toronto has experienced a construction boom since 2007, primarily in its development of condominiums and other high rise residential towers. In one week of 2014, Toronto's city council approved 755 stories of new development in the city's downtown core.[28] The city's construction boom has continued since then into the 2020s, with many skyscrapers being approved on a weekly basis thanks to relaxed planning laws.

Bogotá

The capital city of Colombia has seen skyscraper growth primarily concentrated in the Centro Internacional de Bogotá and Chapinero areas. Bogotá has undergone a revitalization plan that aims to position the Colombian capital as a major hub for international business in Latin America. Bogotá's El Dorado International Airport already handles the largest cargo volume in Latin America with daily cargo and passenger flights from large cities in the region such as Lima, Santiago de Chile, Miami, Mexico City, etc.[29][30][31]

See also

References

Footnotes

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  1. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Definition of Manhattanize at Dictionary.com". Archived from the original on May 7, 2009. Retrieved June 28, 2015.
  2. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Skyscrapers Soaring in San Francisco". The Washington Post. June 29, 1969. p. H6. The high-rises, said University of California architectural critic Allan Temko, 'cause the hills to lose their impact and they interfere with the view of the bay.'
  3. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Nolte, Carl (April 19, 2014). "Manhattanization revisited". SF Gate. Retrieved November 16, 2015.
  4. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Smith, Hubble (May 28, 2010). "Problems continue in high-rise condo market". Las Vegas Review-Journal. Retrieved June 28, 2015.
  5. ^ Las Vegas High Rise Condo Magazine - High Rise, Midrise, and Loft Projects Script error: No such module "webarchive".
  6. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Kotkin, Joel (August 12, 2007). "Why rush to Manhattanize L.A.?". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved November 16, 2015.
  7. ^ Template:Harvp.
  8. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Greenspan, Elizabeth (October 23, 2013). "How to Manhattanize a city". The New Yorker. Retrieved November 15, 2015.
  9. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Adams, David; Fagenson, Zachary (November 12, 2015). "Traffic gridlock in Miami spurs search for transit solutions". Reuters. Retrieved December 2, 2015.
  10. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Alcoba, Natalie (August 27, 2014). "Toronto's 'Manhattanization': Downtown development growing at 'mind blowing' rate". National Post. Retrieved June 28, 2015.
  11. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Living the high life: Hong Kong tops world charts for skyscrapers - and most of them are residential". South China Morning Post. 2015-12-31. Retrieved 2020-08-04.
  12. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Shu‐Ki, Tsang (2007-04-27). "The Hong Kong economy: Opportunities out of the crisis?". Journal of Contemporary China. 8:20 (29–45): 29–45. doi:10.1080/10670569908724334.
  13. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Dougherty, Conor (April 25, 2014). "High-Rise Apartment Buildings Sprout in Downtowns Nationwide". The Wall Street Journal. Dow Jones & Company. Retrieved November 16, 2015.
  14. ^ Der Spiegel: Mainhattan: Frankfurt feiert seine Wolkenkratzer. Retrieved June 25, 2016.
  15. ^ Evening Standard: Business. An expanding Europe welcomes 'Mainhattan'. Retrieved June 25, 2016
  16. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."The Manhattanization of Miami". Archived from the original on August 16, 2009. Retrieved June 28, 2015.
  17. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Miami's Manhattanization". Archived from the original on August 28, 2008. Retrieved June 28, 2015.
  18. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Erectile resumption". The Economist. April 5, 2014. Retrieved November 16, 2015.
  19. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Ridership Technical Reports". Miami-Dade County. Retrieved November 16, 2015.
  20. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Ridership Report Archives". American Public Transportation Association. Archived from the original on December 13, 2011. Retrieved November 16, 2015.
  21. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Macias, Amanda; Lopez, Linette (February 24, 2014). "Miami Is Wall Street South — Here's Why". Business Insider. Retrieved November 16, 2015.
  22. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."The Manhattanization of SF: How the city's skyline has changed in the last two decades". 22 January 2019.
  23. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."The Manhattanization of SF: How the city's skyline has changed in the last two decades". 22 January 2019.
  24. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Dineen, J.K. (July 29, 2014). "1986 S.F. law in play again as tech's hunger for offices grows". SFGATE. Retrieved August 10, 2025.
  25. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."The YIMBY Answer to America's Housing Crunch". City Journal. Retrieved 2023-11-24.
  26. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Antonio Skarmeta (2011-02-27). "Antonio Skármeta Reflects on Santiago". Newsweek. IBT Media. Retrieved 2011-02-28.
  27. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.""Sanhattan" Symbolizes New Chile". Millward Brown. Archived from the original on June 28, 2015. Retrieved June 28, 2015.
  28. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Church, Elizabeth (August 27, 2014). "Toronto is experiencing a 'Manhattanization' of its downtown core". The Globe and Mail.
  29. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Five mega developments that will transform Bogota". 16 October 2015.
  30. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Rogers, David (7 September 2015). "Colombia's crowdfunded skyscraper becomes its tallest building". Global Construction Review.
  31. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Ormerod, Alex González (16 March 2022). "A political overhaul can't shake Colombia's tech boom". Rest of World.

Bibliography

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