Manhole

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File:ManholePMG gobeirne.jpg
PMG manholes in a city street, Perth, Western Australia
File:Working underground.jpg
Manhole being used to access sewer
File:Fiber-Optic Manhole Installation.jpg
Installation of a fiber-optic manhole in Brooklyn, New York
File:Uncovered manhole.jpg
An uncovered manhole in Beirut, Lebanon

A manhole, also called utility hole, maintenance hole,[1] or sewer hole, is an opening to a confined space such as a shaft, utility vault, or large vessel. Manholes, typically protected by a manhole cover, are often used as an access point for an underground public utility, allowing inspection, maintenance, and system upgrades. The majority of underground services have manholes, including water, sewers, telephone, electricity, storm drains, district heating, and gas.

Manholes are generally found in urban areas,[2] in streets and occasionally under sidewalks. In rural and undeveloped areas, services such as telephone and electricity are usually carried on utility poles or even pylons rather than underground.

In Australia, manhole also commonly refers to an access hatch used to get access from a room or hallway into the ceiling cavity of a building.[3][4] These manholes are typically around Template:Cvt square.

Construction

File:Manhole covers in sidewalk (42839905802).jpg
Manhole covers in Helsinki, Finland

Manhole closings are protected by a grating or manhole cover, a flat plug designed to prevent accidental or unauthorized access to the manhole. These covers are traditionally made of metal,[2] but may be constructed from precast concrete, glass reinforced plastic or other composite materials (especially where cover theft is of concern). Because of legislation restricting acceptable manual handling weights, Europe has seen a move toward lighter-weight composite manhole cover materials, which also have the benefits of greater slip resistance and electrical insulating properties.

Manholes are usually outfitted with metal, polypropylene, or fiberglass steps installed in the inner side of the wall to allow easy descent into the utility space.[5]

Manholes are usually round, primarily because roundness is the best shape to resist the compression of the earth; covers are round because they are easier to move by rolling, and they can't fall into the opening.[6] But in the United Kingdom they are nearly always square, or rectangular, in shape, at least at street level. Manholes can also be found in a triangular shape (e.g. in Cambridge, and surrounding villages).[7]

Composite manholes

Composite (fiberglass) manholes are commonly used in applications where infiltration, exfiltration, or corrosion by hydrogen sulfide (from sewer gas) are a concern, or where structures need to be factory integrated into a manhole before placement. In these manholes, the entire underground enclosure is constructed of some composite material, in addition to the cover.

Structures that can be integrated into composite manholes include:

  • Flow inverts[8]
  • Flumes[9]
  • Drop structures from higher elevation flows to lower elevation discharge pipes
  • Weirs[10]
  • Storm water screening structures[11]
  • Sewage grinders[12]
  • Energy absorbing structures to dissipate undesirable flow stream turbulence or velocity[13]

Hazards caused by manholes

In urban areas, damaged or uncovered manholes and stray voltage issues have become a significant concern.

On January 16, 2004, Jodie S. Lane was electrocuted after stepping on a metal manhole cover, while walking her two dogs in New York City.[14]

Failures of underground electrical lines[15] can cause fires and sudden releases of energy that blow manhole covers into the air and may injure pedestrians or cause property damage.[16][17] Some utilities have installed safer covers that can vent hot gas while remaining attached to the ground, using metal rails.[18]

Sewer manhole location

File:Man tgm with unknown tool. Blokha.jpg
Truck with manhole cutter in Dnipro, Ukraine

The location of a sewer manhole must be carefully considered to ensure that the drainage system is effective and easy to maintain.[19][20] According to design standards, the distance between two manholes is typically between 7 and 20 meters, depending on the specific characteristics of the project.[21][22] In cities, the distance is 20 meters per manhole,[23] while in industrial or commercial settings it is 10-15 meters per manhole.[24][25] The distance between manholes in homes or restaurants is typically 7-10 meters.[26][27][28]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Nemerow, Nelson L.; Agardy, Franklin J.; Salvato, Joseph A. (2009). Environmental Engineering: Environmental Health and Safety for Municipal Infrastructure, Land Use and Planning, and Industry (6, illustrated ed.). John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0470083055. Retrieved 2019-07-19.
  2. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Singh, Kanwarjot (2023-06-30). "What is a Manhole- Function, Construction, Materials, and Types of Manhole - Civil Engineering Portal". Civil Engineering Portal - Biggest Civil Engineering Information Sharing Website. Retrieved 2024-04-22.
  3. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Attribus Innovation (17 January 2019). "Assessment Requirements for CPCCPB3027 Install ceiling insulation products" (PDF). Department of Education and Training (1st ed.). Commonwealth of Australia. Retrieved 5 July 2019.
  4. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."How to install a manhole". Bunnings Warehouse. Retrieved 5 July 2019.
  5. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Management of Underground Infrastructure" (PDF). Retrieved 6 November 2024.
  6. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Scheckel, Larry (2013-12-17). Ask a Science Teacher: 250 Answers to Questions You've Always Had About How Everyday Stuff Really Works. The Experiment. ISBN 978-1-61519-179-6.
  7. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."The ultimate manhole covers site | Info cover | Cover's details: Cambridge - Surface water - Cover in a shape close to the triangle (2)". manhole.co.il. Retrieved 13 July 2024.
  8. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Manhole inverts" (PDF). Containment Solutions. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-04-03. Retrieved 2013-03-07.
  9. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Packaged Fiberglass (FRP) Flume Manholes". Openchannelflow. Archived from the original on 2013-03-25.
  10. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Packaged Fiberglass (FRP) Weir Manholes for Flow Monitoring". Openchannelflow. Archived from the original on 2013-09-19.
  11. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Fiberglass (FRP) Storm Water Manholes for Initial Oil, Grease, Sediment, and Debris Collection". Openchannelflow. Archived from the original on 2013-03-07.
  12. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Fiberglass (FRP) Grinder Manholes integrating grinders from JWC, Franklin Miller, MonoFlo, and more". Openchannelflow. Archived from the original on 2013-08-28.
  13. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Fiberglass Energy Absorbing Manholes for Controlling Excess Line Velocities". Openchannelflow. Archived from the original on 2013-03-07.
  14. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Ramirez, Anthony (January 19, 2004). "East Village Woman Was Electrocuted on Street With Metal Plate, Medical Examiner Says". New York Times. Retrieved 2009-12-03.
  15. ^ Why Manhole Explosions Happen in the Summer
  16. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."LA firefighter killed in manhole explosion, 2 injured". March 27, 2008.
  17. ^ Two manholes explode in downtown Boston during morning rush hour
  18. ^ The solution to Boston’s manhole explosions is an engineering ‘game changer’
  19. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Tái diễn tình trạng hố ga mất nắp giữa lòng đô thị thông minh Thái Nguyên". laodong.vn (in Tiếng Việt). 2023-06-13. Retrieved 2023-12-20.
  20. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Cận cảnh vị trí các "lô cốt" sắp lắp đặt trên đường Nguyễn Trãi". suckhoedoisong.vn (in Tiếng Việt). 2023-05-30. Retrieved 2023-12-20.
  21. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.danviet.vn (23 October 2023). "Ám ảnh với hố ga mất nắp, "nuốt trọn" xe máy của người đi đường". danviet.vn (in Tiếng Việt). Retrieved 2023-12-20.
  22. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Đường mới mở và "điệp khúc" mất nắp hố ga". vovgiaothong.vn (in Tiếng Việt). Retrieved 2023-12-20.
  23. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Báo cáo chuyên đề: Mức độ bao phủ của các chương trình y tế công cộng (in Tiếng Việt). Nhà xuất bản Y học. 2003.
  24. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Lê, Thành Châu (2002). Tìm hiểu quy định về quy hoạch, xây dựng, & cấp giá̂y chứng nhận quyền sở hữu nhà ở: áp dụng tại thành phố Hồ Chí Minh và các tỉnh, thành phố trực thuộc Trung ương (in Tiếng Việt). Thống kê.
  25. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Tuyển tập các tác phẩm báo chí Việt Nam thời kỳ đổi mới, 1985-2004 (in Tiếng Việt). Hội nhà báo Việt Nam. 2005.
  26. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Cách sử dụng hố ga ngăn mùi hiệu quả". 2013-10-31. Retrieved 2023-12-20.
  27. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Minh, Huy. "Nắp hố ga". thanhanco.vn. Retrieved 2023-12-20.
  28. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Phan, Thanh Khôi; Lương, Xuân Hié̂n (2006). Một só̂ vá̂n đè̂ kinh té̂ - xã hội trong tié̂n trình công nghiệp hóa, hiện đại hóa vùng đò̂ng bà̆ng sông Hò̂ng (in Tiếng Việt). Nhà xuá̂t bản Lý luận chính trị.
  • Isles, Paul (2010). "Dover Engineering Works". Dover Life Magazine

Further reading

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