Manticore

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File:Martigora ca 1652 (21203315).jpg
Manticore or "Martigora" ― Johannes Jonston (1652), Historiae Naturalis
Copperplate engraving by Matthäus Merian.

The manticore or mantichore (Latin: mantichorās; reconstructed Old Persian: Script error: No such module "lang".; Modern Template:Langx Script error: No such module "lang".) is a legendary creature from ancient Persian mythology, similar to the Egyptian sphinx that proliferated in Western European medieval art as well. It has the face of a human, the body of a lion, and the tail of a scorpion or a tail covered in venomous spines similar to porcupine quills. There are some accounts that the spines can be launched like arrows. It eats its victims whole, using its three rows of teeth, and leaves no bones behind.

Etymology

The English-language term manticore comes via Latin mantichorās[1][2] from Ancient Greek Script error: No such module "Lang". (martikhórās).[3] This in turn is a transliteration of an Old Persian compound word consisting of martīya 'man' and xuar- stem, 'to eat' (modern Template:Langx; mard + Script error: No such module "Lang".; ḫordan);[a][4][5][6] i.e., man-eater.

An early account of the manticore and of its naming occurs in Indica by Ctesias,[7] a Greek physician of the 5th century BC who worked at the Persian court during the Achaemenid dynasty. Ctesias based his report on the testimonies of his Persian-speaking informants who had travelled to India. He recorded the Persian-language name of the beast as martichora (Script error: No such module "Lang".), which translated into Greek as androphagon[8] or anthropophagon (Script error: No such module "Lang".),[9] i.e., "man-eater".[10][3][b] But the name was mistranscribed as 'mantichoras' in a faulty copy of Aristotle, through whose works the legend of the manticore was perpetuated across Europe.[11]

Ctesias was later cited by Pausanias regarding the martichoras or Script error: No such module "lang". of India.[12]

Classical literature

An account of the manticore was given in Ctesias's lost book Indica ("India"), and circulated among Greek writers on natural history, but has survived only in fragments and epitomes preserved by later writers.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.

Photius's Myriobiblon (or Bibliotheca, 9th century) serves as base text, but Aelian (De Natura Animalium, 3rd century) preserves the same information and more:

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(Paraphrase) The martichora was allegedly a blue-eyed, human-faced wild beast of India. It was the size of the largest lion, with cinnabar-red fur. It has three rows of teeth, feet and claws like lions.[c][d] It also had a scorpion-like tail with a (main) terminal sting that measured over 1 cubit, plus two rows of auxiliary stings, each a Greek foot long. The sting was instantly fatal. The stings could be fired sideways, forward, or backward, by orienting the tail accordingly, up to a 1 plethron distance range, and these stings regenerated afterwards. Only the elephant was immune to the poison.[13][9] And it overcomes every beast except the lion.[8]

[13][8] Aelian, citing Ctesias, adds that the Mantichora prefers to hunt humans, lying in wait and even taking down even two or three men at a time. The Indians, he continues, take the young captive and disable the tail by crushing it with a stone before the sting begins growing.[8]

Pliny's Aethiopian beasts

Pliny described the "mantichora" in his Naturalis Historia (c. 77 AD)[14] having relied on a faulty copy of Aristotle's natural history that contained the misspelling ("martikhoras").[11]

Pliny also introduced the confused notion that the manticore might occur in Africa, because he had discussed this and other creatures (such as the yale) within a passage on Aethiopia.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.[15][e] But he also described the crocotta and the mantichora of Aethiopia together, and while the crocotta imitated the voices of men[f] the mantichora of Aethiopia also mimicked human speech, on authority of Juba II,[17] with a voice like the pipe (panpipe, fistula) mixed with trumpet.[18]

Legacy

Ctesias purportedly saw a martichora presented to the Persian king by the Indians.[8] The Romanised Greek Pausanias was skeptical and considered it an unreliable exaggerated account of a tiger.[12][11] Apollonius of Tyana also dismissed the mantichore as a tall tale, according to the biography by Philostratus (c. 170–247).[19]Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.

Pliny did not share Pausanias' skepticism.[11] And for 1500 years afterwards, it was Pliny's account, also copied by Solinus (2nd century), which was held to be authoritative on matters of natural history whether real or mythological.[11] In the advent of Christianity, writings in the Holy Scripture combined with Plinian-Aristotelian learning gave rise to the Physiologus (also c. 2nd century), which later evolved into the medieval bestiaries[11] some of which contained entries on the manticore.

Medieval sources

Bestiaries

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Manticores in bestiaries
Manticore in Bodleian Library MS 764
Manticore from Bodl. MS. 764, fol. 25r (c. 1225–1250)
Manticore from Rochester Bestiary
Manticore from the Rochester Bestiary (c. 1230–1240)
Manticore in British Library, Harley MS 3244
Manticore in the bestiary bound in a theological miscellany, British Library Harley MS 3244, ff 36r–71v (early 13th century)
Manticore in Bibliothèque nationale fond Latin 6838 B
Manticore in BnF Latin 6838 B, fo.010r

The manticore has been included in some medieval bestiaries, with accompanying illustrations, though not all.

The thick-maned (and long-bearded) manticore wearing a Phrygian cap is a commonplace design (fig., top left).[22]

In most instances, the manticora is "coloured red or brown and has clawed feet".Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. Artists took the liberty of coloring the manticore blue at times.[23] One example is depicted "as a long-haired blond" (fig., top right).[24] Another has the face of a woman and the body of a blue manticore (fig., bottom right) .[26]

Most manuscripts do not bother detailing the scorpion tailLua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. and simply draw a long cat's tail,Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. but in Harley MS 3244 the manticore has an "oddly pointed tail"Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. or an "extraordinary spike on the end" of it,Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. and a tail covered in spikes from end to end is shown on the manticore in several other second family manuscripts.[30]Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.

The three-rows of teeth are not faithfully represented except in some third family examples.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.

Manuscripts and text

Second Family

The manticore (Template:Langx) occurs in about half of the Second Family Latin bestiaries.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. The specific source used in this case was probably Solinus (2nd century),[31][g]

The text here describing the beast[33][34] differs little from Pliny's Latin version in language,[35] or the Greek version in content (paraphrased above).[36] This is naturally the case, since much of Solinus was recopied out of Pliny.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. The manticora is here described as "bloody-colored"[d] rather than "red like cinnabar".[c][h]

The text concludes by stating that the manticore "seeks human flesh, is active, and leaps so that neither large spaces nor broad obstacles can delay it[34] (neither the broadest space nor the widest barrier can hinder it)".[33]

H text

Actually there are two candidate sources given for the passage, "Solinus 52.37" and "H iii.8";Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. this "H" being the pseudo-Hugh of Saint Victor De bestiis et aliis rebus, edited by Migne,Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.[37] but this source has been regarded circumspectly as the "problematic De bestiis et aliis rebus" by Clark.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.

Transitional

The manticore also occurs in the earliest "Transitional" First Family bestiary (c. 1185),[i]Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.[39] and some Third Family codices as well, whose illustrations attempted to reproduce some of the finer details given in its text.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.

Confounding with other hybrid beasts

As aforementioned, the manticore is one of three hybrids from Aithiopia described together by Solinus,[40] appearing in (nearly) successive chapters of the bestiary.[41][j] This created the groundwork for the beasts in adjacent chapters being confounded or amalgamated through scribal errors, as described below in the cases of bestiaries produced in France.

French mistransmission

The manticore is basically absent from the French bestiary of Pierre de Beauvais,[k] which exist in the short versions of 38 or 39 chapters, and the long version of 71 chapters. Instead, there is a Chapter 44 on the "centicore" (or santicora, var. ceucrocataLua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.), which suggests manticore in name, but which is nothing like the standard manticore.[l][42][m] The name is thought to have arisen from misspellings of leucrocotta, compounded by the suffix replaced by -cora by scribal error.[43] Due to further mistransmission, "centicore" became the French misnomer for the yale (eale), a mythic antelope which should be a separate entry in the bestiaries.[44]

Neither manticore nor leucrotta (Template:Langx) appears in Philippe de Thaun's bestiary in Anglo-Norman verse.[45][46][n]

Post-medieval natural history

File:Animal drawings collected by Felix Platter, p2 - (45).jpg
A manticore and a crocotta. Prepared for Felix Platter's Historiae animalium (1551–1558).
File:ManticoraTHoFFB1607.png
Woodcut from Edward Topsell's The Historie of Foure-footed Beastes (1607)[47][49]

Edward Topsell, in 1607, described the manticore as:

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bred among the Indians, having a treble rowe of teeth beneath and above, whose greatnesse, roughnesse, and feete are like a Lyons, his face and eares like unto a mans, his eies grey, and collour red, his taile like the taile of a Scorpion of the earth, armed with a sting, casting forth sharp pointed quills, his voice like the voice of a small trumpet or pipe, being in course as swift as a Hart; His wildnes such as can never be tamed, and his appetite is especially to the flesh of man. His body like the body of a Lyon, being very apt both to leape and to run, so as no distance or space doth hinder him,.. [51][49]

Topsell thought the manticore was described by other names elsewhere. He thought that it was the "same Beast which Avicen calleth Marion, and Maricomorion" and also, the same as the "Leucrocuta, about the bigness of a wilde Ass, being in legs and Hoofs like a Hart, having his mouth reaching on both sides to his ears, and the head and face of a female like unto a Badgers".[49]Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.

And Topsell wrote that in India they would "bruise the buttockes and taile" of the whelp or cub they captured, causing it to be incapable of using its quills, thus removing the danger.[49] This differs somewhat from the original sources which stated that they would crush the tail with stone to make them useless.

Heraldry

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Manticores in heraldry
Tusked manticore on heraldic badge of William, Lord Hastings, c. 1470
Manticore/mantyger badge of William, Lord Hastings, c. 1470. This version has tusks.
A man-tyger (manticore), Lord Fitzwater's banner
A man-tyger (manticore), Lord Fitzwater's (Radcliffe's) banner.[52]

The likeness of manticore or similar creatures by another name have been used in heraldry, spanning from the late High Middle Ages into the modern period. A number of broadly related terms are utilized in heraldry, including manticore, mantygre, satyral, lampago, and variant spellings.[53][54] Whether these are treated as variant terminology for the same charge or as distinct entities varies between different heraldic authorities.[54]

The mantyger is glossed as merely a variant reading of manticore in the OED,[55] while the heraldic scholar Arthur Charles Fox-Davies classed the "manticore", "mantegre", and "man-tiger" together as a variant of the "man-lion" or "lympago", a modification of the heraldic lion with a human face, with horns on its forehead.[56] However, the 17th century heraldry collector Randle Holme made a fine distinction between manticore and mantyger. Holme's description of the manticore seems to derive directly from naturalist Edward Topsell (cf. above),Page Template:Blockquote/styles.css has no content.

[The manticore has] the face of a man, the mouth open to the ears with a treble row of teeth beneath and above; long neck, whose greatness, roughness, body and feet are like a Lyon: of a red colour, his tail like the tail of a Scorpion of the Earth, the end armed with a sting, casting forth sharp pointed quills.[57]

while he describes the mantyger as having Page Template:Blockquote/styles.css has no content.

the face and ears of a man, the body of a Tyger, and whole footed like Goose or Dragon; yet others make it with feet like a Tyger,

etc., and also noting that they may be horned or unhorned.[58]

The manticore first appeared in English heraldry in c. 1470, as a badge of William Hastings, 1st Baron Hastings; and in the 16th century.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.

The mantyger device was later used as a badge by Robert Radcliffe, 1st Earl of Sussex, and by Sir Anthony Babyngton.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. The Radford[e]'s device was described as "3 mantygers argent" by one source, c. 1600.[59][5] Thus in heraldic discourse the term "manticore" became usurped by "mantyger" during the 17–18th centuries, and "mantiger" in the 19th.[5][o]

It is noted that the manticore/mantiger of heraldic devices has a beast of prey body as standard, but sometimes chosen to be given dragon feet.[5] The Radcliffe family manticore appears to have human feet,[54] and (not so surprisingly), a chronicler described as a "Babyon" (baboon) the device by John Radcliffe (Lord Fitzwater) accompanying Henry VIII into war in France.[60] It has also been speculated the Babyngton device is intended to represent the "Babyon, or baboon, as a play upon his name", and it also has characteristically "monkey-like feet".Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.[p]

The typical heraldic manticore is supposed to have not only the face of an old man, but spiraling horns as well,[5][54]Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. although this is not really ascertainable in the Radcliffe family badge, where the purple manticore is wearing a yellow cap[52] (cap of dignity [54]).

Parallels

Gerald Brenan linked the manticore to the mantequero, a monster feeding on human fat in Andalusian folklore.[62]

The Hindu god Narasimha is often referred to as a Manticore. Narasimha, the man lion, is the fourth avatar of Vishnu and is described as having a man's torso and the head and claws of a lion.

In fiction

Dante Alighieri, in his Inferno, depicted the mythical Geryon as resembling a manticore, following Pliny's description where it has the face of an honest man, the body of a wyvern, the paws of a lion, and the stinger of a scorpion at the end of its tail.[63]

Fine art

File:Kilpeck church stone carvings - geograph.org.uk - 875590.jpg
Manticore at the Church of St Mary and St David, Kilpeck, Herefordshire (12th century)

The heraldic manticore influenced some Mannerist representations of the sin of Fraud, conceived as a monstrous chimera with a beautiful woman's face – for example, in Bronzino's allegory Venus, Cupid, Folly and Time (National Gallery, London),[64] and more commonly in the decorative schemes called Script error: No such module "Lang". (grotesque). From here it passed by way of Cesare Ripa's Iconologia into the seventeenth- and eighteenth-century French conception of a sphinx.

In some modern depictions, such as in the tabletop role-playing game Dungeons & Dragons (D&D) and the card game Magic: The Gathering, manticores are depicted as having wings.[65] They are more specifically given "wings of a dragon" in the implementation of D&D′s 5th edition, according to the Monster Manual (2014),[q][r][67] though an earlier version of the manual described them as "batlike wings".[68]

In the animated sitcom television series Krapopolis, the character of Shlub is depicted as a "mantitaur" which is a half-centaur, half-manticore creature where he was the result of a union between a female centaur and a male manticore. In this show besides the fact that the manticores are depicted with dragon-like wings like other depictions of them, the manticores are shown to have dragon-like horns on their head.[69]

In the animated film Onward Octavia Spencer plays "Corey" The Manticore, a manticore who is the proprietor of the Manticore's Tavern.[70][71]

See also

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Explanatory notes

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  1. ^ Early Middle Persian Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "lang". "man" (as in human) and Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "lang". "to eat"
  2. ^ Edward Topsell noted in 1607 that mantichora, otherwise known as martiora, "in the Persian tongue signifieth a devourer of men".Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. (for further information on Topsell's manticore, cf. infra.[<span title="Script error: No such module "decodeEncode".">vague]
  3. ^ a b Greek, "red like cinnabar Script error: No such module "Lang"."; "light-blue eyes Script error: No such module "Lang".".[13]
  4. ^ a b Pliny has "eyes light-blue, blood-colored body like a lion Script error: No such module "Lang".".[18]
  5. ^ Carl (Karl) Mayhoff (ed., 1857. Plinius Hist. Nat. viii.21., i.e.. Template:Harvp, 8.21 (30) §75, p. 74) proposed an emendation of the text Script error: No such module "Lang". "the same" to Script error: No such module "Lang".
  6. ^ And considered to be based on the [laughing] hyena.[16]
  7. ^ In the base MS. Add. 11283, the manticore (fol. 8r) and the other hybrids around it has scholia marked "Solinus Cap. 65, p. 244".[32] But these are presumably later scribal additions, not disclosure of source by the original creators.
  8. ^ While McCulloch translates literally as "bluish eyes, a lion's body the color of blood", Clark gives the freer translation "green eyes, a russet color lion".
  9. ^ Morgan Library, MS M.81 (The Worksop Bestiary) (c. 1185).[38] Recognized in Badke's mss. containing the manticore.[39] Note it is not older than the early Second Family Additional MS 11283.
  10. ^ XXII. De Cocodrillo (crocodile) intervenes (but this is probably not a hybrid).
  11. ^ For Pierre de Beauvais's bestiary (in French), the probable direct source was Honorius Augustodunensis which derived from Pliny and Solinus.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.
  12. ^ Standard manticore, i.e., such as described in the pseudo Hugo de St. Victor, McCulloch's so-called "H" text, cf. explanatory note, supra.
  13. ^ At least in the Pierre mss. known in France. But the manticore is included in the Vatican codex of Pierre de Beauvais (longer version) according to Badke.[39]
  14. ^ Even though Badke lists Philippe de Thaun (MS Cotton Nero A V) as well as a manuscript of Image du Monde (the aforementioned testament to "centicore") as including manticore.[39]
  15. ^ The corruption of amalgamation of man and tiger suggests false etymology.
  16. ^ Related to the topic of the heraldic manticore/mantiger exhibiting "baboon" feet, it should be mentioned that there emerged a term "mantegar" meaning a "type of baboon", first attested in 1704.[61] This is also conjectured to derived from corruption of "manticore".[61] As a consequence, the term "mantyger" became an ambiguously variant of "manticore" or "mantegar",[55] after c. 1704, assuming that is the correct approximate dating when the word in that sense was coined.
  17. ^ Color illustration of the manticore by Jack Stella.[66]
  18. ^ Another embellished feature of this D&D version is that a "bristling mane stretches down [its] back".[67]

References

Citations

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  1. ^ Karl Ernst Georges: "mantichorās". Script error: No such module "Lang".. 8th ed., Hannover, 1918, vol. 2, col. 802.
  2. ^ Félix Gaffiot: "mantichoras". Script error: No such module "Lang".. 1934, p. 974.
  3. ^ a b Cf. Henry George Liddell & Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, Template:LSJ
  4. ^ Old Persian martijaqâra according to the NED, apud Template:Harvp, p. 142 n103
  5. ^ a b c d e Script error: No such module "template wrapper". (Subscription or participating institution membership required.); Murray, James A. H. ed. (1908) A New Eng. Dict. VI, s.v."manticore"
  6. ^ "Manticora" s.v., Eberhart, George M. Mysterious Creatures: A Guide to Cryptozoology. Volume 1: A-M. ABC-Clio/Greenwood. 2002. p. 318. Template:ISBN
  7. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Khanna, Rakesh; Bhairav, J. Furcifer (2023) [2020]. Ghosts, Monsters and Demons of India. London: Watkins Media Limited. ISBN 9781786788306. Retrieved 26 May 2025. Ctesias wrote about the Manticore in his book Indica. He claimed to have seen a live, caged specimen that was brought by an Indian dignitary from his homeland and displayed at court in Persepolis [...].
  8. ^ a b c d e Template:Harvp. Ctesias Indica Frag. 45dβ Aelian, NA 4.21;
    Scholfield, A. F. (tr.) (1918) Characteristics of Animals (Loeb Classical Library); Greek text.
  9. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Ctesias (1825). "IV Ἐk tων του αυτου: Κτησίου Ἰνδικων Ἐκλογαι (Ex Photii Patriarchae Bibliothec. LXXII, pag. 144 seqq.)". In Baehr, Johann Christian Felix (ed.). Ctesiae Cnidii operum reliquiae. Francofurti ad Moenum: In Officina Broenneriana. pp. 248–249.
  10. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Stoneman, Richard (2021). The Greek Experience of India: From Alexander to the Indo-Greeks. Princeton University Press. pp. 100–101. ISBN 9780691217475.
  11. ^ a b c d e f Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Robinson, Margaret (Winter 1965). "Some Fabulous Beasts". Folklore. 76 (4): 274, 277–278. doi:10.1080/0015587X.1965.9717018. JSTOR 1258298.
  12. ^ a b Template:Harvp. Ctesias Indica Frag. 45dγ. Pausanias 9.21.4.;
    Jones, W.H.S.; Ormerod, H.A. (tr.), (1918) Description of Greece, 9.21.4; Greek text
  13. ^ a b c Template:Harvp. Ctesias Indica Frag. 45, Photius. Bibliotheca 72.
  14. ^ Template:L&S lists Plin. 8, 21, 30, § 75; 8, 30, 45, § 107. So the same passage may be designated variously as 8.21 (30), or 8.30 or 8.75 depending on the editor.
  15. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.George, Wilma (1968). "The Yale". Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes. 31: 424. doi:10.2307/750650. JSTOR 750650. S2CID 244492082.
  16. ^ Bostock, John ed. "Chap. 45. The Crocotta. The Mantichora
  17. ^ Pliny 8. 107;
    Alternatively Pliny NH 8.45.1=Template:If first display bothScript error: No such module "template wrapper".;
    Template:Harvp, Latin text, p. 82 =e-text@Perseus Project
  18. ^ a b Template:Harvp. Ctesias Indica Frag. 45dδ. Pliny 8.75;
    Alternatively cited as Pliny NH 8.30=Template:If first display bothScript error: No such module "template wrapper".;
    Template:Harvp, Latin text, p. 74 =e-text@Perseus Project
  19. ^ Flavius Philostratus, The Life of Apollonius of Tyana, translated by F. C. Conybeare, volume I, book III. Chapter XLV, pp. 327–329.Page Template:Blockquote/styles.css has no content.

    And inasmuch as the following conversation also has been recorded by Damis as having been held upon this occasion with regard to the mythological animals and fountains and men met with in India, I must not leave it out, for there is much to be gained by neither believing nor yet disbelieving everything. Accordingly Apollonius asked the question, whether there was there an animal called the man-eater (martichoras); and Iarchas replied: "And what have you heard about the make of this animal? For it is probable that there is some account given of its shape." "There are," replied Apollonius, "tall stories current which I cannot believe; for they say that the creature has four feet, and that his head resembles that of a man, but that in size it is comparable to a lion; while the tail of this animal puts out hairs a cubit long and sharp as thorns, which it shoots like arrows at those who hunt it."
  20. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Wiedl, Birgit (2010). "Chapter 9. Laughing at the Beast: The Judensau". In Classen, Albrecht (ed.). Anti-Jewish Propaganda and Humor from the Middle Ages to the Early Modern Period. Walter de Gruyter. p. 333. ISBN 9783110245486.
  21. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Bodleian Library MS. Bodl. 764". Oxford University, the Bodleian Libraries. Retrieved 2022-09-09., fol. 025r.
  22. ^ Template:Harvp: "more usual is its depiction as a heavily maned beast having a man's face topped by a Phrygian cap .."; Template:Harvp: "mid thirteenth-century Salisbury bestiary with its pointed Phrygian hat, long beard and grotesque profile", citing Higgs Strikland, Debra (2003) Saracens, Demons, & Jews, 136, figure 60 and pl.3; Pamela Gravestock, "Did Imaginary Animals Exist?," The Mark of the Beast, p. 121.[20] Both name Bodl. 764 as example.[21]
  23. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Rowland, Beryl (2016). "1. The Art of Memory and the Bestiary". In Clark, Willene B.; McMunn, Meradith T. (eds.). Beasts and Birds of the Middle Ages: The Bestiary and Its Legacy. London: University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 16. ISBN 1512805513.
  24. ^ Roy.12 F xiiiLua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.
  25. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Dines, Ilya (2005). "A hitherto unknown bestiary (Paris, BnF, MS Lat. 6838 B)". Rivista di studi testuali. 7: 96.
  26. ^ BnF Latin 6838 B[25]
  27. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."MS 120: Bestiary". News & Features. University College Oxford. 14 October 2016. Retrieved 2022-09-24. With illustrations of siren and manticore.
  28. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Oxford, Bodleian Library MS. Ashmole 1511, fol. 22v (manticora)". Digital Bodleian. 2017-04-12. Retrieved 2022-09-24.
  29. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Oxford, Bodleian Library MS. Douce 151, fol. 18v (manticora)". Digital Bodleian. 2018-01-08. Retrieved 2022-09-24.
  30. ^ University College Library (Oxford), MS. 120,[27] Ashmole 1511, fol. 22v.,[28] Douce 151, ol. 18v.[29]
  31. ^ Template:Harvp. Due to the "three Solinus hybrids" being clustered into successive chapters. More on their interrelationships below.
  32. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."British Library Add MS 11283". Bodleian Library MS. Bodl. 764. Retrieved 2022-09-06.. "leucrota (alias lecrocuta)" fol. 7v; "cocodrillus" "manticora" fol. 8r; "parandrum" fol. 8v. Marginal notes indicate Solinus as source.
  33. ^ a b Template:Harvp. "XXIII De manticora/Chapter 23 Manticor", p. 139 (Latin text and English tr.). The base text is British Library MS Add. 11283, dated to 1180s by Clark.
  34. ^ a b Template:Harvp "Manticore", pp. 142–143
  35. ^ By comparison of Latin texts
  36. ^ By comparison of English translations
  37. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Pseudo-Hugo de St. Vicotor (1854). "De bestiis et aliis rebus III.viii De Manticora". In Migne, J.P. Felix (ed.). Sæculum XI Hugonis de S. Victore.. Opera omnia. Patrologiæ cursus completus. Vol. 3. Paris: Apud Garnieri Fratres. p. 85.
  38. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Workshop Bestiary MS M.81 fols. 38v–39r". Morgan Library and Museum. 27 February 2018. Retrieved 2022-09-09.
  39. ^ a b c d Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Badke, David (26 August 2022). "Manuscripts: Manticore". The Medieval Bestiary: Animals in the Middle Ages. Retrieved 2022-09-06.
  40. ^ Template:Harvp: "three Solinus hybrids"
  41. ^ Template:Harvp, "XXI De leucrotar/Chapter 23 Manticor", p. 139; "XII De crocodrillo/Chapter 22 Crocodile", p. 140; "XXIII De manticora/Chapter 23 Manticor", p. 141; "XXIV De parandro/Chapter 24 Parandrus", p. 141.
  42. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Académie des inscriptions & belles-lettres (France) (1914). "Titulus I. De Digitatis viviparis Feris. Caput. 1 De Leone.". Histoire littéraire de la France. Vol. 34. Paris: Imprimerie nationale. pp. 385–389.
  43. ^ The "leucrocota" is given written "ceucocroca" by Honorius, aforementioned as Pierre de Beauvais's source. The ceu- being misread as "cen- in a manuscript" is "not improbable". "And doubtless the ending -ticora was the result of a scribe's attention dropping down a few lines in his source to the word manticora".Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.
  44. ^ As according to George C. Druce (1911) McCulloch explains that Gauthier (Gossouin de Metz), in his Image du Monde gave the name "centicore", "leucrota", followed by a chapter on the yale but leaving out a name. This later caused a merge of "centicore" with description of the yale.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.
  45. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Uhl, Patrice (1999). La constellation poétique du non-sens au moyen âge: onze études sur la poésie fatrasique et ses environs (in français). l'Harmattan. p. 73. ISBN 9782738483485.
  46. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Philip de Thaun (1841). "The Bestiary of Philipee de Thaun". In Wright, Thomas (ed.). Popular Treatises on Science Written During the Middle Ages: In Anglo-Saxon, Anglo-Norman and English. London: Historical Society of Science. pp. 74–131.. For example, "Cocodrille, p. 85" corresponds to folio 50r of Cotton MS Nero A V digitized @ British Library.
  47. ^ Template:Harvp Fig. "The Mantichora".
  48. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Topsell, Edward (1658). The History of Four-footed Beasts and Serpents. London: E. Cotes, for G. Sawbridge [etc.] pp. 343–345.
  49. ^ a b c d Topsell (1658) is a two volume in one reprint, with the "§ Mantichora" text and woodcut reprinted in pp. 343–345[48]
  50. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Diekstra, Frans N.M. (1998). Book for a Simple and Devout Woman: A Late Middle English Adaptation of Peraldus's Summa de Vitiis Et Virtutibus and Friar Laurent's Summa Le Roi : Edited from British Library Mss Harley 6571 and Additional 30944. Egbert Forsten. p. 528. ISBN 9789069801155.
  51. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Topsell, Edward (1607). The Historie of Foure-footed Beasts. London. p. 442., quoted from this edition (partly omitted in middle) by Diekstra (1998).[50]
  52. ^ a b c Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Thomas Evelyn Scott-Ellis Baron Howard de Walden (1904). Banners, Standards, and Badges: From a Tudor Manuscript in the College of Arms. De Walden Library. pp. 211–212.
  53. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Vinycomb, John (1906). Fictitious and Symbolic Creatures in Art, With Special Reference to Their Use in British Heraldry. London: Chapman and Hall, Limited. pp. 218–219.
  54. ^ a b c d e Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Rothery, Guy Cadogan (1915). A. B. C. of Heraldry. London: Stanley Paul & Co. p. 74.
  55. ^ a b Script error: No such module "template wrapper". (Subscription or participating institution membership required.); Murray, James A. H. ed. (1908) A New Eng. Dict. VI, s.v."mantyger", variant of Mantegar, Manticore.
  56. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Fox-Davies, Arthur (1909). A Complete Guide to Heraldry. London: T.C. and E.C. Jack. pp. 186, 232.
  57. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Holme, Randle (1688). "Second book, Chapter X, LIII". The Academy of Armorie and Blazon. Chester. p. 212., quoted in Template:Harvp.
  58. ^ Template:Harvp, Second book, Chapter IX, XVII-XIX, p. 175, quoted in Template:Harvp.
  59. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Baring-Gould, Sabine; Twigge, Robert, eds. (1898). An Armory of the Western Counties. J.G. Commin. p. 89., for "Radforde"
  60. ^ Cott. MS. Cleop. C. v. fol. 59.[52]
  61. ^ a b Script error: No such module "template wrapper". (Subscription or participating institution membership required.); Murray, James A. H. ed. (1908) A New Eng. Dict. VI, s.v."Mantegar".
  62. ^ Al Sur de Granada, pages 190-193, Gerald Brenan, 1997, Fábula - Tusquets Editores. Originally South from Granada, 1957
  63. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Dante Alighieri; Grandgent, C. H. (1933). La Divina commedia di Dante Alighieri (in italiano). Boston; New York: D.C. Heath and Co. OCLC 1026178. Dante's image was profoundly modified, however, by Pliny's description – followed by Solinus – of a strange beast called Mantichora (Historia Naturalis, VIII, 30) which has the face of a man, the body of a lion, and a tail ending in a sting like a scorpion's
  64. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Moffitt, John F. (1996). "An Exemplary Humanist Hybrid: Vasari's "Fraude" with Reference to Bronzino's "Sphinx"". Renaissance Quarterly. 49 (2): 303–333. doi:10.2307/2863160. JSTOR 2863160. S2CID 192984544. traces the chimeric image of Fraud backwards from Bronzino.
  65. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Wood, Juliette (2018). "Ch. 1: When unicorns walked the earth: A brief history of the unicorn and its fellows". Fantastic Creatures in Mythology and Folklore: From Medieval Times to the Present Day. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 44. ISBN 978-1-3500-5925-2.
  66. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."manticore". Encyclopedia Exandria. 2 August 2022. Retrieved 2023-04-25.
  67. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Crawford, Jeremy, ed. (July 2003). Monster Manual: Dungeons & Dragons Core Rulebook. Co-lead design by Mike Mearls (5 ed.). Wizards of the Coast. p. 213. ISBN 978-0-7869-6561-8.
  68. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Gygax, Gary (1993). Monstrous Manual. TSR. p. 246. ISBN 9781560766193. The manticore.. with a leonine torso and legs, batlike wings, am man's head, a tail tipped with iron spikes,.. stns 6 feet at the shoulder and meausres 15 feet in length. It has a 25-foot wingspan
  69. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Bennett, Tara (September 23, 2023). "Krapopolis Review: Beware of Greeks bearing too many poop jokes". IGN. the monster mantitaur – that's half manticore, half centaur, so human plus lion plus scorpion plus horse – Shlub
  70. ^ Script error: No such module "cite".
  71. ^ Script error: No such module "cite".

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