Mbum language
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Mbum Proper (also Mboum, Buna, Mboumtiba and Wuna)[1] is a Adamawa–Ubangi language of Central Africa.[2][3][4] It is spoken by about 50,000 people in Cameroon and the Central African Republic.[4]
History
The Mbum language is spoken by the Mbum people who inhabit Cameroon, the Central African Republic, and Chad. While their origins are unclear, some believe that the Mbum were one of the earliest ethnic groups of the Adamawa Region.[2]
The Mbum people have such a close relationship with the Dii people, and one which has persisted for so long, that outsiders often have a hard time distinguishing them.[2] In the early nineteenth century, both groups came under the rule of the Fulani Muslims, who they are said to have intermarried in large numbers. Despite this, the Mbum and Dii peoples still managed to hold on to their traditional spiritual beliefs until the twentieth century. The Mbum converted to Islam, while the Dii converted to Christianity.[5]
Varieties
Mbum is a complex dialect continuum consisting of several varieties. ALCAM (2012) considers Mbum, Larang, Pana and Gbata to be four distinct but closely related languages. Pana (also spoken in Chad), Karang, Kali-dek and Kuo are eastern varieties that may be separate languages.[6]
To the south, Gbata is spoken in the northern part of the arrondissement of Bélabo in Lom-et-Djerem department, Eastern Region. There, it is spoken in Woutchaba and Deng-Deng, located to the west and east of the Sanaga River, respectively.[6] Blench (2006) considers Gbete (Gbata) to be a separate language.
The LiMbum is spoken to the South West especially in the Donga Mantung and around the Nkambe and Ndu Sub Divisions.
Distribution
Mbum is spoken in:[6]
- Adamaoua Region
- Vina department (Ngaoundéré and Mbe communes)
- Djerem department (Ngaoundal and Tibati communes)
- Faro-et-Déo department (Tignère communes)
- North Region
- Mayo-Rey department (Touboro commune)
- Faro department (Poli commune)
- North West Region*
Limbum is spoken in the Donga Mantung Particularly in Ndu and Nkambe Subdivisions.
Phonology
Consonants
| Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Labio- velar |
Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | |||
| Plosive/ Affricate |
voiceless | p | t | k | k͡p | ||
| voiced | b | d | ɡ | ɡ͡b | |||
| prenasal | ᵐb | ⁿd | ᵑɡ | ᵑᵐɡ͡b | |||
| implosive | ɓ | ɗ | |||||
| Fricative | voiceless | f | s | h | |||
| voiced | v | z | |||||
| prenasal | ᶬv | ⁿz | |||||
| Trill/Tap | ⱱ | r | |||||
| Lateral | l | ||||||
| Approximant | j | w | |||||
Vowels
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i ĩ | u ũ | |
| Mid | e | o | |
| Open | a ã |
References
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- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Mbum language, pronunciation and language". omniglot.com. Retrieved 2022-05-14.
- ^ a b c Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."AFRICA | 101 Last Tribes - Mbum people". www.101lasttribes.com. Retrieved 2022-05-14.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."WALS Online - Language Mbum". wals.info. Retrieved 2022-05-14.
- ^ a b Cite error: The named reference
e25was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.DeLancey, Mark Dike; Neh Mbuh, Rebecca; DeLancey, Mark W. (2010). Historical Dictionary of the Republic of Cameroon. Lanham, Maryland • Toronto • Plymouth, UK: The Scarecrow Press, Inc. pp. 283–284. ISBN 978-0810837751.
- ^ a b c Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Binam Bikoi, Charles, ed. (2012). Atlas linguistique du Cameroun (ALCAM) [Linguistic Atlas of Cameroon]. Atlas linguistique de l'Afrique centrale (ALAC) (in français). Vol. 1: Inventaire des langues. Yaoundé: CERDOTOLA. ISBN 9789956796069.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Hagège, Claude (1968). Descriptions phonologique du mbum: informations. SELAF Paris: Peeters.
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Further reading
- Roger Blench, 2004. List of Adamawa languages (ms)
- A rapid appraisal survey of Gbete by Jason Diller & Kari Jordan-Diller, 2002. SIL Electronic Survey Reports SILESR 2002-050.
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