Melpa language
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Melpa (Meldpa, Mbowamb) is a Papuan language spoken by about 130,000 people predominantly in Mount Hagen and the surrounding district of Western Highlands Province, Papua New Guinea. It is spoken by the Kawelka people[2] and other related tribes.
Melpa has a pandanus language used during karuka harvests.[3] Melpa has a velar lateral, written as a double-barred el (Ⱡ, ⱡ). Melpa is notable for its binary counting system. A dictionary of Melpa has been compiled by Stewart, Strathern and Trantow (2011).[4]
Phonology
Note: the descriptions of these sounds[5] is not clear, so the conversion to IPA below may not be accurate.
Consonants
| Labial | Dental | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n̪ | n | ŋ | ||
| Plosive | voiceless | p | t̪ | t | k | |
| prenasalized | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | ||
| Rhotic | ɾ | |||||
| Lateral | ɮ̪ ⟨l⟩ | Script error: No such module "IPA".? ⟨ld⟩ | ʟ̝ ⟨gl, ⱡ⟩ | |||
| Semivowel | w | j | ||||
Ladefoged analyzes the laterals instead as Script error: No such module "IPA"., and the rhotic as Script error: No such module "IPA"..[6]
Plosives and laterals are voiceless in word-final position.
Vowels
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| High | i | ɯ ⟨ʉ⟩, u | |
| Near-high | ɪ | ʊ | |
| Mid | e | o | |
| Low | a |
Numeral system
| Numeral | Melpa | Literal meaning |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Script error: No such module "Lang". | "one" |
| 2 | ragl | "two" |
| 3 | ragltika | "two-one" |
| 4 | tembokak | "four" |
| 5 | pemp ti gul | "one past four" |
| 6 | pemp ragl gul | "two past four" |
| 7 | pemp ragltika gul | "two-one past four" |
| 8 | engakl | "eight" |
| 9 | pemp ti pip | "one past eight" |
| 10 | pemp ragl pip | "two past eight" |
Media
Temboka, a dialect of Melpa, is the native language of the Ganiga tribe,[7] who featured prominently in the Highlands Trilogy of documentaries by Robin Anderson and Bob Connolly (First Contact, Joe Leahy's Neighbours, and Black Harvest).
The documentary Ongka's Big Moka also has Melpa dialogue.
References
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- ^ Melpa at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Strathern, Andrew (1972). One Father, One Blood: Descent and group structure among the Melpa people. Canberra: Australian National University, Research School of Social Sciences. ISBN 978-0-7081-0699-0.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Franklin, Karl J. (September 1972). "A Ritual Pandanus Language of New Guinea". Oceania. 43 (1): 66–76. doi:10.1002/j.1834-4461.1972.tb01197.x. OCLC 883021898.
- ^ Stewart, Pamela J., Andrew Strathern and Jürgen Trantow. 2011. Melpa-German-English Dictionary. Pittsburgh: University Library System.
- ^ Stucky et al. 1990 Melpa Phonology
- ^ Melpa laterals
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Connolly, Bob (14 February 2017). "Filmmaker Bob Connolly returns to PNG 25 years after 'Black Harvest'". The Australian Financial Review. Retrieved 25 January 2017.
External links
- Kay Owens. "The Work of Glendon Lean on the Counting Systems of Papua New Guinea and Oceania", section "The Melpa Counting System". Mathematics Education Research Journal vol. 13 (April 2001), Script error: No such module "CS1 identifiers".
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