Mer de Glace
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| Mer de Glace | |
|---|---|
| Sea of Ice | |
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| Location | Northern slopes of the Mont Blanc massif |
| Coordinates | Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found. |
| Length | 7.5 km (4.7 mi); 12 km (7.5 mi) total length |
The Mer de Glace (Script error: No such module "IPA"., Template:Lit) is a valley glacier located on the northern slopes of the Mont Blanc massif, in the French Alps. It is 7.5 km long and 200 metres (660 ft) deep but, when all its tributary glaciers are taken into account, it can be regarded as the longest and largest glacier in France, and the second longest in the Alps after the Aletsch Glacier.[1][2]Template:Rp
Geography
The glacier lies above the Chamonix valley. The pressure within the ice is known to reach at least 30 atmospheres.[3] The Mer de Glace can be considered as originating at an elevation of 2,100 metres (6,900 ft), just north of the Aiguille du Tacul, where it is formed by the confluence of the Glacier de Leschaux and the Glacier du Tacul. The former is fed by the Glacier de Talèfre, whilst the latter is, in turn, fed by the Glacier des Périardes, the vast Glacier du Géant and the broad icefields of the Vallée Blanche. The Glacier du Tacul supplies much more ice than the Glacier de Leschaux.[2]Template:Rp
However, if the Mer de Glace is considered in its broadest sense (i.e. from source to tongue), it is a compound valley glacier, gaining ice from snowfields that cover the heights directly north of Mont Blanc at an altitude of around 4,000 metres. It flows for a total distance of 12 kilometres, covering an area of 32 square kilometres in the central third of the Mont Blanc massif.[2]Template:Rp
From the Aiguille du Tacul, the Mer de Glace flows north-north-west between Aiguille du Moine on the east and Trélaporte on the west. It descends below Montenvers, at which point it is approximately 0.5 km wide, and descends to approximately 1,500 metres (4,900 ft). The glacier was once easily visible from Chamonix but has been shrinking backwards, and is now barely visible from below.[2]Template:Rp[4] The surface topography of the Mer de Glace changed very little during the first third of the 20th century, but from 1939 to 2001 the surface of the glacier has lowered an average of 30 cm each year, corresponding to an equivalent loss of 700 million cubic metres of water.[2]Template:Rp
When the tension in the ice increases as the slope increases, the glacier is unable to deform and crevasses appear. These are notably transversal and, when there is intense crevasse activity on the steepest terrain, blocks of seracs appear as the glacier breaks up. Crevasses are of variable depth, depending on their position, and may be as deep as fifty metres. Seracs always form in the same places, namely the steepest sections over which the glacier flows. As crevasses open and seracs tumble downstream, the supply of ice is renewed by the constant flow from upstream. Broad banding patterns, visible on the surface of the Mer de Glace, are known as ogives, or Forbes bands, and result from differences in summer and winter collapse rates of the serac fields. On 24 July 1842, Scottish physicist James David Forbes observed the pattern of light and dark dirt bands on the Mer de Glace from the nearby Aiguille des Grands Charmoz and began to consider whether glaciers flowed in a similar fashion to a sluggish river and with a viscous or plastic manner.[5]
In the 18th and 19th centuries, the glacier descended all the way down to the hamlet of Les Bois,[4] where it was known as Glacier des Bois. At that time the river Arveyron emerged from the glacier under a grotto-like vault (Script error: No such module "Lang".)[6] and, through the accounts of early writers and explorers,[7] attracted many more visitors, painters and later photographers, for example J. M. W. Turner's Source of the Arveron in the Valley of Chamouni Savoy, 1816. The position of its front end fluctuated over the years but its maximum extent was in the mid-19th century.[4]
Literary and cultural references
Mary Shelley's 1818 novel Frankenstein references Mer de Glace during Victor Frankenstein's hikes into the Mont Blanc massif. Dr. Frankenstein meets his creation twice during mountaineering on the Mer de Glace.[8] This episode inspired the 1991 opera Mer de glace by Australian composer Richard Meale to a libretto by his compatriot David Malouf.[9]
See also
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- Mer de Glace ice cave
- Arveyron
- Chemin de fer du Montenvers
- Électricité de France
- List of glaciers
- Mont Blanc massif
Notes
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- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."La Mer de Glace et le Train du Montenvers à Chamonix Mont-Blanc". www.chamonix.net (in français). Retrieved 2 February 2024.
- ^ a b c d e Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Nussbaumer, S. U.; Zumbuhl, H. J.; Steiner, D. (2007). "Fluctuations of the 'Mer de Glace' (Mont Blanc area, France) AD 1500–2050" (PDF). Zeitschrift für Gletscherkunde und Glazialgeologie. 40. Innsbruck: 1–137. ISSN 0044-2836. Retrieved 13 January 2016.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Nye, John Frederick (1952). "The Mechanics of Glacier Flow" (PDF). Journal of Glaciology. 2 (12): 82. Bibcode:1952JGlac...2...82N. doi:10.1017/S0022143000033967. Retrieved 13 January 2016.
- ^ a b c Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.: "in 1820 ... sixty yards")
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Shairp, John Campbell; Tait, Peter Guthrie; Adams-Reilly, Anthony (1873). Life and Letters of James David Forbes, F.R.S., D.C.L., LL. D etc. London: Macmillan. p. 527. Retrieved 13 January 2016 – via Internet Archive.
- ^ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.: "In former times the whole volume of the Arveiron escaped from beneath the ice at the end of the glacier, forming a fine arch at its place of issue."
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.William Coxe (1809). "Travels in Switzerland and in the Country of the Grisons (1776–1777)". In Pinkerton, John (ed.). A General Collection of the Best and Most Interesting Voyages. Vol. 5. p. 781 (640–992). Retrieved 14 February 2016.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Nardin, Jane (1999). "A meeting on the mer de glace: Frankenstein and the history of alpine mountaineering". Women's Writing. 6 (3): 441–449. doi:10.1080/09699089900200080.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Hannan, Michael (2014). The Music of Richard Meale. Kingsgrove, New South Wales: Wildbird Music. pp. 170–181. ISBN 978-0987514516.
Sources
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Grove, Jean M. (1988). The Little Ice Age. ISBN 0-415-01449-2.
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Tyndall, John (1896). The Glaciers of the Alps. Longmans, Green and Co. New edition reprinted as Template:ISBN.
Further reading
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Fournier, André (2005). Mer de Glace (English version ed.). ISBN 2842062620. Retrieved 18 January 2016.
External links
- Page Template:Sister-inline/styles.css has no content.Script error: No such module "Sister project logo". Media related to Script error: No such module "Commons link". at Wikimedia Commons
- Mer de Glace and associated glaciers on French IGN mapping portal
- 360° photo from surface of Mer de Glace on Google StreetView
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