Messier 61

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Messier 61[1]Template:R/superscript
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M61 imaged by the Hubble Space Telescope on April 28, 2014[2]Template:R/superscript
Observation data (J2000 epoch)
ConstellationVirgo
Right ascensionTemplate:RA[3]Template:R/superscript
DeclinationTemplate:DEC[3]
Redshift0.005224±0.000007[3]
Heliocentric radial velocity1566±2 km/s[3]
Galactocentric velocity1483±4 km/s[3]
Distance52.5 ± 2.3 Mly (16.10 ± 0.71 Mpc)
Apparent magnitude (V)9.7[4]Template:R/superscript
Characteristics
TypeSAB(rs)bc,[3] HIISy2[3]
Size~92,300 ly (28.30 kpc) (estimated)[3]
Apparent size (V)6.5′ × 5.8′[3]
Other designations
Template:Odlist[3]
References: SIMBAD: Search M61

Messier 61 (also known as M61, NGC 4303, or the Swelling Spiral Galaxy) is an intermediate barred spiral galaxy in the Virgo Cluster of galaxies. It was first discovered by Barnaba Oriani on May 5, 1779, six days before Charles Messier discovered the same galaxy. Messier had observed it on the same night as Oriani but had mistaken it for a comet.[5]Template:R/superscript Its distance has been estimated to be 45.61 million light years from the Milky Way Galaxy. It is a member of the M61 Group of galaxies, which is a member of the Virgo II Groups, a series of galaxies and galaxy clusters strung out from the southern edge of the Virgo Supercluster.[6]Template:R/superscript

Properties

M61 is one of the largest members of Virgo Cluster, and belongs to a smaller subgroup known as the S Cloud.[7]Template:R/superscript[8]Template:R/superscript The morphological classification of SAB(rs)bc[3] indicates a weakly-barred spiral (SAB) with the suggestion of a ring structure (rs) and moderate to loosely wound spiral arms.[9]Template:R/superscript It has an active galactic nucleus[10]Template:R/superscript and is classified as a starburst galaxy containing a massive nuclear star cluster with an estimated mass of 1 million solar masses (M☉) and an age of 4 million years,[11]Template:R/superscript as well as a central candidate supermassive black hole weighing around 5 million M☉.[12]Template:R/superscript It cohabits with an older massive star cluster as well as a likely older starburst.[11] Evidence of significant star formation and active bright nebulae appears across M61's disk.[13]Template:R/superscript Unlike most late-type spiral galaxies within the Virgo Cluster, M61 shows an unusual abundance of neutral hydrogen (H I).[14]Template:R/superscript

Supernovae

Eight supernovae have been observed in M61, making it one of the most prodigious galaxies for such cataclysmic events.[15]Template:R/superscript[16]Template:R/superscript[5]Template:R/superscript These include:

See also

References

  1. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Tschöke, D.; Hensler, G.; Junkes, N. (2000). "X-rays from the barred galaxy NGC 4303". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 360 (2): 447–456. arXiv:astro-ph/0006361. Bibcode:2000A&A...360..447T.
  2. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."A hungry starburst galaxy". ESA/Hubble Picture of the Week. Retrieved 29 April 2014.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Results for object MESSIER 061". NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database. NASA and Caltech. Retrieved 2006-11-18.
  4. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Messier 61". SEDS Messier Catalog. Retrieved 29 April 2022.
  5. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Messier 61". Archived from the original on 2017-01-06. Retrieved 2017-01-11.
  6. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."The Virgo III Groups". Atlas of the Universe. Retrieved 2010-11-27.
  7. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Galaxy On Line Database Milano Network (GOLDMine)". Archived from the original on 2012-06-03. Retrieved 2012-08-06.
  8. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."The Virgo Cluster". Retrieved 2013-04-06.
  9. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.de Vaucouleurs, Gérard (April 1963). "Revised Classification of 1500 Bright Galaxies". Astrophysical Journal Supplement. 8: 31. Bibcode:1963ApJS....8...31D. doi:10.1086/190084.
  10. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Jiménez-Bailón, E.; Santos-Lleó, M.; Mas-Hesse, J. M.; Guainazzi, M.; Colina, L.; Cerviño, M.; González Delgado, Rosa M. (2003). "Nuclear Activity and Massive Star Formation in the Low-Luminosity Active Galactic Nucleus NGC 4303: Chandra X-Ray Observations". The Astrophysical Journal. 593 (1): 127–141. arXiv:astro-ph/0304465. Bibcode:2003ApJ...593..127J. doi:10.1086/376554. S2CID 12969809.
  11. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Colina, L.; Gonzalez Delgado, R.; Mas-Hesse, J. Miguel; Leitherer, C.; Jimenez Bailon, E. (2002). "Detection of a Super-Star Cluster as the Ionizing Source in the Low-Luminosity Active Galactic Nucleus NGC 4303". The Astrophysical Journal. 579 (2): 545–553. Bibcode:2002ApJ...579..545C. doi:10.1086/342839. hdl:10261/191615.
  12. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Pastorini, G.; Marconi, A.; Capetti, A.; Axon, D. J.; Alonso-Herrero, A.; Atkinson, J.; Batcheldor, D.; Carollo, C. M.; Collett, J.; Dressel, L.; Hughes, M. A.; Macchetto, D.; Maciejewski, W.; Sparks, W.; van der Marel, R. (2007). "Supermassive black holes in the Sbc spiral galaxies NGC 3310, NGC 4303 and NGC 4258". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 469 (2): 405–423. arXiv:astro-ph/0703149. Bibcode:2007A&A...469..405P. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20066784. S2CID 849621.
  13. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Koopmann, R.; Kenney, J. D. P. (2004). "Hα Morphologies and Environmental Effects in Virgo Cluster Spiral Galaxies". The Astrophysical Journal. 613 (2): 866–885. arXiv:astro-ph/0406243. Bibcode:2004ApJ...613..866K. doi:10.1086/423191. S2CID 17519217.
  14. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Kenney, J. D.; Young, J. S. (1986). "CO in H I-deficient Virgo cluster spiral galaxies". The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 301: L13–L17. Bibcode:1986ApJ...301L..13K. doi:10.1086/184614.
  15. ^ Supernovae which have been observed in Messier catalog galaxies
  16. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."List of Supernovae". Central Bureau for Astronomical Telegrams. Retrieved 2011-07-03.
  17. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Kobold; Wolf; Reinmuth (15 May 1926). Stromgren, Elis (ed.). "NOVA". Central Bureau for Astronomical Telegrams. 111. IAU, Observatoire De Copenhague: 1. Retrieved 26 November 2024.
  18. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Boffi, F.R.; Sparks, W.B.; Macchetto, F.D. (1999). "A search for candidate light echoes: Photometry of supernova environments". Astronomy and Astrophysics Supplement Series. 138 (2): 253–266. arXiv:astro-ph/9906206. Bibcode:1999A&AS..138..253B. doi:10.1051/aas:1999274. S2CID 17688690.
  19. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."SN 1926A". Transient Name Server. IAU. Retrieved 26 November 2024.
  20. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Bowen, I. S.; Humason, M. L. (8 June 1961). Thernöe, K. A. (ed.). "SUPERNOVA IN NGC 4303". Central Bureau for Astronomical Telegrams. 1761. IAU, Observatory Copenhagen: 1. Retrieved 26 November 2024.
  21. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Humason, M. L.; Kearns, C. E.; Gomes, Alercio M. (1962). "The 1961 Palomar Supernova Search". Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific. 74 (438): 215. Bibcode:1962PASP...74..215H. doi:10.1086/127790.
  22. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."SN 1961I". Transient Name Server. IAU. Retrieved 26 November 2024.
  23. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Rosino, L. (3 July 1964). Petersen, J. Otzen (ed.). "SUPERNOVA IN NGC 4303". Central Bureau for Astronomical Telegrams. 1868. IAU, Observatory Copenhagen: 1. Retrieved 26 November 2024.
  24. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."SN 1964F". Transient Name Server. IAU. Retrieved 27 April 2025.
  25. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Dimai, Alessandro; Li, W. (1999). "Supernova 1999gn in M61". International Astronomical Union Circular (7335): 1. Bibcode:1999IAUC.7335....1D.
  26. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."SN 1999gn". Transient Name Server. IAU. Retrieved 27 April 2025.
  27. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Nakano, S.; Itagaki, K.; Kadota, K. (2006). "Supernova 2006ov in M61". Central Bureau Electronic Telegrams (756): 1. Bibcode:2006CBET..756....1N.
  28. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Puckett, T.; Peoples, M.; Itagaki, K.; Nakano, S.; Boles, T.; Kadota, K. (2006). "Supernovae 2006ou, 2006ov, and 2006ow". International Astronomical Union Circular (8781): 2. Bibcode:2006IAUC.8781....2P.
  29. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."SN 2006ov". Transient Name Server. IAU. Retrieved 27 April 2025.
  30. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Nakano, S.; Kadota, K.; Wells, W. (2008). "Supernova 2008in in M61". Central Bureau Electronic Telegrams (1636): 1. Bibcode:2008CBET.1636....1N.
  31. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."SN 2008in". Transient Name Server. IAU. Retrieved 27 April 2025.
  32. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Nakano, S.; Itagaki, K.; Guido, E.; Nicolini, M.; Howes, N.; Kiyota, S.; Masi, G.; Catalano, P.; Vagnozzi, A.; Munari, U. (2014). "Supernova 2014dt in M61 = PSN J12215757+0428185". Central Bureau Electronic Telegrams (4011): 1. Bibcode:2014CBET.4011....1N.
  33. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."SN 2014dt". Transient Name Server. IAU. Retrieved 27 April 2025.
  34. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."SN 2020jfo". Transient Name Server. IAU. Retrieved 23 October 2021.
  35. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."A portrait of a beauty". www.eso.org. Retrieved 7 January 2019.

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