Milrinone

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Milrinone
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Clinical data
AHFS/Drugs.comMonograph
MedlinePlusa601020
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Routes of
administration		Intravenous
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Legal status
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Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability100%
Protein binding70 to 80%
MetabolismLiver (12%)
Elimination half-life2.3 hours (mean, in CHF)
ExcretionKidney (85% as unchanged drug) within 24 hours
Identifiers
  • 2-Methyl-6-oxo-1,6-dihydro-3,4'-bipyridine-5-carbonitrile
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Chemical and physical data
FormulaC12H9N3O
Molar mass211.224 g·mol−1
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Density1.344 g/cm3
Melting point315 °C (599 °F)
  • c1cnccc1-c2c(C)[nH]c(=O)c(C#N)c2
  • InChI=1S/C12H9N3O/c1-8-11(9-2-4-14-5-3-9)6-10(7-13)12(16)15-8/h2-6H,1H3,(H,15,16)
  • Key:PZRHRDRVRGEVNW-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Data page
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Milrinone, sold under the brand name Primacor among others, is a pulmonary vasodilator[2] used in patients who have heart failure. It is a phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitor that works to increase the heart's contractility and decrease pulmonary vascular resistance. Milrinone also works to vasodilate which helps alleviate increased pressures (afterload) on the heart, thus improving its pumping action. While it has been used in people with heart failure for many years, studies suggest that milrinone may exhibit some negative side effects that have caused some debate about its use clinically.[3][4]

Overall, milrinone supports ventricular functioning of the heart by decreasing the degradation of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and thus increasing phosphorylation levels of many components in the heart that contribute to contractility and heart rate. Milrinone is used as a drug that causes positive inotropy and it will lead to an increased force of contraction. Milrinone use following cardiac surgery has been under some debate because of the potential increase risk of postoperative atrial arrhythmias.[5] However, in the short term milrinone has been deemed beneficial to those experiencing heart failure and an effective therapy to maintain heart function following cardiac surgeries. There is no evidence of any long term beneficial effects on survival.[6] In critically ill patients with evidence of cardiac dysfunction there is limited good quality evidence to recommend its use.[7]

Milrinone is administered intravenously and eliminated unchanged in the urine.[8]

Medical uses

Milrinone is a commonly used therapy for severe pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH),[9] often in combination with other medications such as sildenafil.[10] Targeting PDE3 with optimal doses and timing, milrinone prevents allergic inflammation in HDM-driven models of allergic airway inflammation.[11]

It can be used in cardiopulmonary bypass cases, as it increases the flow in saphenous grafts and has a beneficiary effect in left ventricle function.[12]

Adverse effects

Common adverse effects include ventricular arrhythmias (including ventricular ectopy and nonsustained ventricular tachycardia), supraventricular arrhythmias, hypotension, and headache.[13]

Contractility in the heart

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". People experiencing some forms of heart failure have a significant decrease in the contractile ability of muscle cells in the heart (cardiomyocytes).[14] This impaired contractility occurs through a number of mechanisms. Some of the main problems associated with decreased contractility in those with heart failure are issues arising from imbalances in the concentration of calcium.[15] Calcium permits myosin and actin to interact which allows initiation of contraction within the cardiomyocytes. In those with heart failure there may be a decreased amount of calcium within the cardiomyocytes reducing the available calcium to initiate contraction.[16] When contractility is decreased the amount of blood being pumped out of the heart into circulation is decreased as well. This reduction in cardiac output can cause many systemic implications such as fatigue, syncope and other issues associated with decreased blood flow to peripheral tissues.[17]

Mechanism of action

Milrinone is a phosphodiesterase-3 inhibitor. It inhibits the action of phosphodiesterase-3 and thus prevents degradation of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). Normally, cyclic adenosine monophosphate causes increased activation of protein kinase A (PKA). Protein kinase A is an enzyme that phosphorylates many elements of the contractile machinery within the heart cell. In the short term this leads to an increased force of contraction. Phosphodiesterases are enzymes responsible for the breakdown of cyclic adenosine monophosphate. Therefore, when phosphodiesterases lower the level of cyclic adenosine monophosphate in the cell they also lower the active fraction of protein kinase A within the cell and reduce the force of contraction.[18]

With increased levels of cyclic adenosine monophosphate there is an increase in the activation of protein kinase A. The protein kinase A will phosphorylate many components of the cardiomyocyte such as calcium channels and components of the myofilaments. Phosphorylation of calcium channels permits an increase in calcium influx into the cell. This increase in calcium influx results in increased contractility. Protein kinase A also phosphorylates potassium channels promoting their action. Potassium channels are responsible for repolarization of the cardiomyocytes therefore increasing the rate at which cells can depolarize and generate contraction. The protein kinase A also phosphorylates components on myofilaments allowing actin and myosin to interact more easily and thus increasing contractility and the inotropic state of the heart. Milrinone allows stimulation of cardiac function independently of β-adrenergic receptors which appear to be down-regulated in those with heart failure.[18]

Synthesis

Thieme Patents:[19][20][21] Journal syntheses:[22][23] Sino ultramodern:[24][25] Prec:[26]

References

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  1. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Active substance: milrinone" (PDF). List of nationally authorised medicinal products. European Medicines Agency. 10 June 2022.
  2. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Baxter FJ, Whippey A (November 2020). "Amniotic Fluid Embolism Treated With Inhaled Milrinone: A Case Report". A&A Practice. 14 (13) e01342. doi:10.1213/XAA.0000000000001342. PMID 33185413. S2CID 226851766.
  3. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Packer M (December 1990). "Calcium channel blockers in chronic heart failure. The risks of "physiologically rational" therapy". Circulation. 82 (6): 2254–2257. doi:10.1161/01.cir.82.6.2254. PMID 2242549. S2CID 11255642.
  4. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Packer M, Carver JR, Rodeheffer RJ, Ivanhoe RJ, DiBianco R, Zeldis SM, et al. (November 1991). "Effect of oral milrinone on mortality in severe chronic heart failure. The PROMISE Study Research Group". The New England Journal of Medicine. 325 (21): 1468–1475. doi:10.1056/NEJM199111213252103. PMID 1944425.
  5. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Fleming GA, Murray KT, Yu C, Byrne JG, Greelish JP, Petracek MR, et al. (October 2008). "Milrinone use is associated with postoperative atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery". Circulation. 118 (16): 1619–1625. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.790162. PMC 2770257. PMID 18824641.
  6. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.British National Formulary (66th ed.). London: BMJ Group and Pharmaceutical Press. September 2013.
  7. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Koster G, Bekema HJ, Wetterslev J, Gluud C, Keus F, van der Horst IC (September 2016). "Milrinone for cardiac dysfunction in critically ill adult patients: a systematic review of randomised clinical trials with meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis". Intensive Care Medicine. 42 (9): 1322–1335. doi:10.1007/s00134-016-4449-6. PMC 4992029. PMID 27448246.
  8. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Milrinone Dosage Guide + Max Dose, Adjustments". Drugs.com. Retrieved 3 January 2023.
  9. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.McNamara PJ, Shivananda SP, Sahni M, Freeman D, Taddio A (January 2013). "Pharmacology of milrinone in neonates with persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn and suboptimal response to inhaled nitric oxide". Pediatric Critical Care Medicine. 14 (1): 74–84. doi:10.1097/PCC.0b013e31824ea2cd. PMID 23132395. S2CID 7696208.
  10. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Hui-li G (June 2011). "The management of acute pulmonary arterial hypertension". Cardiovascular Therapeutics. 29 (3): 153–175. doi:10.1111/j.1755-5922.2009.00095.x. PMID 20560976.
  11. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Beute J, Lukkes M, Koekoek EP, Nastiti H, Ganesh K, de Bruijn MJ, et al. (January 2018). "A pathophysiological role of PDE3 in allergic airway inflammation". JCI Insight. 3 (2). doi:10.1172/jci.insight.94888. PMC 5821178. PMID 29367458.
  12. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Arbeus M, Axelsson B, Friberg O, Magnuson A, Bodin L, Hultman J (February 2009). "Milrinone increases flow in coronary artery bypass grafts after cardiopulmonary bypass: a prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study". Journal of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia. 23 (1). Elsevier BV: 48–53. doi:10.1053/j.jvca.2008.07.005. PMID 18834820.
  13. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Milrinone Lactate Monograph". drugs.com.
  14. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.de Tombe PP (February 1998). "Altered contractile function in heart failure". Cardiovascular Research. 37 (2): 367–380. doi:10.1016/s0008-6363(97)00275-7. PMID 9614494.
  15. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Ward ML, Crossman DJ (July 2014). "Mechanisms underlying the impaired contractility of diabetic cardiomyopathy". World Journal of Cardiology. 6 (7): 577–584. doi:10.4330/wjc.v6.i7.577. PMC 4110606. PMID 25068018.
  16. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Szent-Györgyi AG (July 1975). "Calcium regulation of muscle contraction". Biophysical Journal. 15 (7): 707–723. Bibcode:1975BpJ....15..707S. doi:10.1016/S0006-3495(75)85849-8. PMC 1334730. PMID 806311.
  17. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.King J, Lowery DR (2022). "Physiology, Cardiac Output". StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. PMID 29262215.
  18. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Zimmerman J, Cahalan M (January 2013). "Chapter 22 - Vasopressors and Inotropes". In Hemmings HC, Egan TD (eds.). Pharmacology and Physiology for Anesthesia. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders. pp. 390–404. doi:10.1016/B978-1-4377-1679-5.00022-3. ISBN 978-1-4377-1679-5. S2CID 79282649. Retrieved 14 March 2023.
  19. ^ BE886336 idem G. Y. Lesher, R. E. Philion, U.S. patent 4313951 (1982 both to Sterling).
  20. ^ Page Template:Citation/styles.css has no content.US 4264603, Lesher GY, Gruett MD, issued Script error: No such module "auto date formatter"., assigned to Sterling Drug Inc. 
  21. ^ Page Template:Citation/styles.css has no content.US 4413127, Singh B, issued Script error: No such module "auto date formatter"., assigned to Sterling 
  22. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Singh B (1985). "A Novel Synthesis of 1,6-Dihydro-2-methyl-6-oxo[3,4'-bipyridine]-5-carbonitrile (Milrinone)". Heterocycles. 23 (6): 1479. doi:10.3987/R-1985-06-1479.
  23. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Shiao MJ, Shyu LM, Chen CF (1990). "Synthesis of Milrinone, a Cardiotonic Agent". Heterocycles. 31 (3): 523. doi:10.3987/COM-89-5276.
  24. ^ Page Template:Citation/styles.css has no content.CN 104326975, Yan H, Deng A, "Preparation method of high-purity milrinone", issued Script error: No such module "auto date formatter"., assigned to ZHENGZHOU SIHUAN MEDICINE ARTICLE Co Ltd 
  25. ^ Page Template:Citation/styles.css has no content.CN 104387320, Ao L, Zhang B, Pan J, Chen Y, "Preparation Method for High-Purity Milrinone", issued Script error: No such module "auto date formatter"., assigned to Huzhou Zhanwang Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. 
  26. ^ Page Template:Citation/styles.css has no content.CN 103848779, Tan X, Jing Y, Wang F, Liu H, Yu U, "Preparation method of 1-(4-pyridyl) acetone", issued Script error: No such module "auto date formatter"., assigned to University of Jinan 

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