Mmen language
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Mmen (Bafmeng) is a Grassfields Bantu language of Cameroon.
As a Centre Ring language of Narrow Grassfields, a subdivision of Wide Grassfields within the Southern Bantoid languages, Mmen is part of a cluster including six other languages i.e. Babanki, Bum, Kom, Kuk, Kung and Oku (Lewis 2009).
Etymology
The name Mmen ([mɛn]) comes from the verb sé mwɛ̀yn [sémɣɛ̀yn] ‘to open up thick bush-covered land’ and is used by the speakers referring to both their language and their land.
Ethnologue (Lewis 2009) and ALCAM, Atlas Linguistique du Cameroon (Dieu and Renaud 1983) use the name and spelling Mmen.
Bafumen is the name of the village where the largest number of speakers is found i.e. 30 000 (Troyer, et al. 1995:8) and the name adopted by German colonizers for the area and formerly used for the language. Other villages where Mmen is spoken are Cha’, Yemgeh, Nyos, Ipalim among others.
Phonology
Consonants
Mmen has 27 phonemic consonants.[2]
| Labial | Alveolar | Palato-alveolar | Velar | Labial–velar | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plosive | voiceless | /p/ | /t/ | /k/[a] | /k͡p/ | |
| voiced | /ᵐb/ | /ⁿd/ | /ᵑg/ | |||
| Affricate | voiceless | /p͡f/ | /t͡s/ | /t͡ʃ/ | ||
| voiced | /ᵐb͡v/ | /ⁿd͡z/ | /ⁿd͡ʒ/ | |||
| Fricative | voiceless | /f/ | /s/ | /ʃ/ | ||
| voiced | /v/ | /z/ | /ʒ/ | /ɣ/ | ||
| Nasal | /m/ | /n/ | /ɲ/[b] | /ŋ/ | ||
| Lateral | /l/ | |||||
| Approximant | /j/ | /w/ | ||||
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Vowels
Monophthongs
Mmen has 9 phonemic monophthongs.[5]
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | /i/ | /u/ | |
| Close-mid | /e/[a][b] | /ə/[c] | /o/[d] |
| Open-mid | /ɛ/ | /ɜ/ | /ɔ/ |
| Open | /ä/ |
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- ^ Script error: No such module "IPA". optionally diphthongizes to Script error: No such module "IPA"..[6]
- ^ Script error: No such module "IPA". optionally becomes Script error: No such module "IPA". at the beginning of a word.[6]
- ^ [ɨ] is an optional allophone of Script error: No such module "IPA"..[7]
- ^ [ʊ] is an optional allophone of Script error: No such module "IPA"..[8]
Diphthongs
Mmen also has six phonemic diphthongs, all ending in Script error: No such module "IPA"..[9]
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close-mid | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | |
| Open-mid | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". |
| Open | Script error: No such module "IPA". |
Tone
Mmen has 9 phonemic tones. There are three level tones (high, mid, and low) and six contour tones (high-low, high-mid, mid-low, mid-high, low-mid, and low-falling).[10]
References
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- ^ Mmen at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
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- ^ a b Template:Harvcoltxt
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Bibliography
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Agha-ah, Chiatoh Blasius (April 1993). The Noun Class System of Mmen (post-graduate diploma thesis). University of Yaoundé.
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Agha, Grace Beh (September 1987). The Phonology of Mmen (post-graduate diploma thesis). University of Yaoundé.
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Bangha, George F. (2003). The Mmen Noun Phrase (Thesis). hdl:11858/00-001M-0000-0012-7FC1-6.
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Björkestedt, Lena (2010). A Phonological Sketch of the Mmen Language (PDF). CABTAL. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-03-16.
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Björkestedt, Lena (2011). Mmen Orthography Guide. SIL.
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Huey, Paul; Mbongue, Joseph; Troyer, Duane (May 1995). A rapid appraisal survey of Mmen (ALCAM 821) and Aghem dialects (ALCAM 810), Menchum Division, Northwest Province (Report). SIL Cameroon.
