Mostafa Chamran

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Mostafa Chamran
Page Template:Nobold/styles.css has no content.مصطفی چمران
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Chamran c. 1970s
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Member of the Parliament of Iran
In office
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ConstituencyTehran, Rey and Shemiranat
Majority1,100,842 (51.5%)
Minister of Defence and Armed Forces Logistics
In office
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Prime MinisterMehdi Bazargan
Preceded byTaghi Riahi
Succeeded byJavad Fakoori
Deputy Prime Minister of Iran for Revolutionary Affairs
In office
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Prime MinisterMehdi Bazargan
Preceded byEbrahim Yazdi
Personal details
BornMostafa Chamran Savehi
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Tehran, Imperial State of Persia
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Dehlaviyeh, Iran
Resting placeBehesht-e Zahra, Tehran
PartyFreedom Movement of Iran
Amal Movement
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Tamsen Keyston
​
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(m. 1961, divorced)​
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Ghada Jaber
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(m. 1973)​
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Children4
RelativesMehdi Chamran (brother)
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NicknameScript error: No such module "Detect singular".Jamal[1]
Military service
AllegianceFile:Flag of Iran.svg Iran
File:Flag of Lebanon.svg Lebanon[2]
Branch/serviceLebanese Resistance Regiments
Islamic Republic of Iran Armed Forces
Years of service
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  • 1975–1979
  • 1979–1981
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Template:Amal Movement

Mostafa Chamran Savehi (Template:Langx; 2 October 1932 – 21 June 1981) was an Iranian scientist, politician, and guerrilla, best known for serving as the first defense minister of post-revolutionary Iran.

In 1980, Chamran was elected to the Iranian Majles, representing Tehran. That same year, he commanded a paramilitary unit in the Iran–Iraq War, known as the "Irregular Warfare Headquarters". He was later killed on the frontlines.

Early life and education

Chamran was born into a religious Persian family on 2 October 1932 in Tehran.[3][4] His younger brother was Mehdi Chamran, who later served as the chairman of the City Council of Tehran.

Chamran studied at Alborz High School, while also receiving religious education from Mahmoud Taleghani.[5] After graduating from the University of Tehran with a bachelor's degree in electromechanics, he moved to the United States for higher education under an Imperial Iranian government scholarship, obtaining a master of science in electricial engineering from Texas A&M University.[3][6] In 1963, Chamran obtained his doctorate in electrical engineering and plasma physics from the University of California, Berkeley.[7] He was subsequently employed as a research staff scientist at Bell Laboratories and later at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory.[8][9]

Career

Revolutionary activities

Guerilla training

In the early 1960s, Chamran became a prominent member of the Freedom Movement of Iran (FMI), a pro-democratic, anti-Shah political organization led by Mehdi Bazargan.[3][10] He belonged to the party's left-wing religious revolutionary bloc alongside Ebrahim Yazdi, Sadegh Ghotbzadeh and Ali Shariati, all of whom had studied at Western universities.[11]

Chamran went to Cuba to attend a military camp.[2] In December 1963, he, Ghotbzadeh, and Yazdi traveled from the United States to Egypt, where they received training in guerilla warfare.[12][13] There, they met with Egyptian authorities to propose establishing an anti-Shah organization in the country called SAMA, with Chamran leading its military branch.[11]

Upon Chamran's return to the United States in 1965, he founded a group called "Red Shi'ism" in San Jose, aimed at training far-left Islamist militants; his brother Mehdi was an early member.[12] In 1968, he helped establish another anti-Shah and Islamist organization, the Muslim Students' Association of America (MSA), which was led by Yazdi.[12] The MSA soon had branches in the United Kingdom and France.[12]

Arab world

In 1971, Chamran left the United States for Lebanon[12] to join the Palestine Liberation Organization and Amal Movement.[2] He became a leading figure of the revolutionary Islamic movement in the Middle East, organizing and training guerrilla forces in Algeria, Egypt, and Syria. During Lebanese Civil War, he actively cooperated with Musa al-Sadr and became known as his "right-hand man".[14][15][16]

Chamran, along with Sadegh Ghotbzadeh, was known as part of a clique called the “Syrian mafia” within the inner circle of Ruhollah Khomeini. There was a reported feud between this group and a Libya-friendly faction led by Mohammad Montazeri.[17]

Post-revolutionary Iran

Political appointments

Following the Iranian Revolution, Chamran returned to Iran in February 1979 and was appointed Deputy Prime Minister for Revolutionary Affairs in the cabinet of Mehdi Bazargan.[18][19] He was later appointed Minister of Defense,[20] becoming the first civilian defense minister of the Islamic Republic.[21] As a result of this position, Chamran led military action against a rebellion in Kurdistan.[18]

In May 1980, Chamran was elected to the Majles (parliament) as a representative of Tehran.[22] That same month, he was appointed by Khomeini to the Supreme Council of National Defense.[23]

Iran-Iraq War

When the Iran–Iraq War began in September 1980, Chamran led an irregular warfare infantry unit called the "Irregular Warfare Headquarters".[8] He was wounded in the leg during the Liberation of Susangerd.[24]

Death

Chamran was killed in Dehlaviyeh on 21 June 1981 during a clash with Iraqi forces.[3][25][26][27][28] The details surrounding his death have remained unclear.[29][30][31] He is buried in the Behesht-e Zahra cemetery in Tehran.[8]

Personal life

Marriages

Chamran married an American woman, Tamsen Keyston, in 1961.[32] They had four children together before divorcing in the early 1970s; one of them, a son named Jamal, died at the age of three in a pool drowning accident in 1973.[33]

During his time in Lebanon, Chamran remarried a Lebanese woman, Ghada Jaber, who was also a member of the Amal Movement.[34][35]

Legacy

Ayatollah Khomeini publicly proclaimed Chamran as a "proud commander of Islam".[8] Chamran was posthumously honoured by having buildings and streets in Iran and Lebanon named after him, including a major expressway.[8] A species of moth was named after him in 2013.[36][37]

Media

In 2012, Mohsen Alavipour published a Persian-language biography of Chamran.[38] The next year, an English-language biography of Chamran titled 22: Not a new lifestyle for those who thirst for humanity! was published in the United Kingdom.[39]

In 2014, a film titled Che (Persian: چ), directed by Ebrahim Hatamikia, was released to honour Chamran. The film portrays two days in Chamran's life following the Iranian Revolution. In 2017, Reza Mirkarimi produced an animated film about Chamran.[40][41]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."IICHS - Institute for Iranian Contemporary Historical Studies". iichs.org.
  2. ^ a b c Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Sepehr Zabih (September 1982). "Aspects of Terrorism in Iran". Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. International Terrorism. 463: 84–94. doi:10.1177/0002716282463001007. JSTOR 1043613. S2CID 145391253.
  3. ^ a b c d Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Vida Moezzinia. "Dr. Mostafa Chamran". IICHS. Archived from the original on 27 February 2013. Retrieved 17 February 2013.
  4. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Dominique Avon; Anaïs-Trissa Khatchadourian (2012). Hezbollah. A History of the "Party of God". Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. p. 198. doi:10.4159/harvard.9780674067523. ISBN 9780674067523.
  5. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Shahid Mostafa Chamran has been known for his life of sacrifices". ABNA. 26 June 2010. Retrieved 17 February 2013.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)
  6. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.An integrator based on motion and electrostatic charge. (Book, 1959). [WorldCat.org]. OCLC 5974555.
  7. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."PhD Dissertations; EECS at UC Berkeley". CS. 9 January 2013. Retrieved 17 February 2013.
  8. ^ a b c d e Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Scott Peterson (21 September 2010). Let the Swords Encircle Me: Iran--A Journey Behind the Headlines. Simon & Schuster. pp. 701. ISBN 978-1-4165-9739-1.
  9. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.دارالحدیث, موسسه علمی فرهنگی. "Self-construction and development (author Mostafa Chamran) - کتابخانه تخصصی جهاد و شهادت (موسسه فرهنگی روایت سیره شهدا)". www.lib.ir. Retrieved 24 September 2017.
  10. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Mehdi Bazargan's biography". Bazargan website. Retrieved 3 August 2013.
  11. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Houchang Chehabi; Rula Jurdi Abisaab; Centre for Lebanese Studies (Great Britain) (2 April 2006). Distant Relations: Iran and Lebanon in the Last 500 Years. I.B.Tauris. p. 182. ISBN 978-1-86064-561-7.
  12. ^ a b c d e Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Barsky, Yehudit (May 2003). "Hizballah" (PDF). The American Jewish Committee. Archived from the original (Terrorism Briefing) on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 5 August 2013.
  13. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Abbas William Samii (1997). "The Shah's Lebanon policy: the role of SAVAK". Middle Eastern Studies. 33 (1): 66–91. doi:10.1080/00263209708701142.
  14. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Afshon P. Ostovar (2009). Guardians of the Islamic Revolution Ideology, Politics, and the Development of Military Power in Iran (1979–2009) (PhD thesis). University of Michigan.
  15. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Musa al Sadr: The Untold Story". Asharq Alawsat. 31 May 2008. Archived from the original on 19 October 2013. Retrieved 5 August 2013.
  16. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Mohammad Ataie (Summer 2013). "Revolutionary Iran's 1979 endeavor in Lebanon". Middle East Policy. XX (2): 137–157. doi:10.1111/mepo.12026.
  17. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Gayn, Mark (20 December 1979). "Into the depths of a boiling caldron". Edmonton Journal. Retrieved 27 July 2013.
  18. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Iran Unleashes Might on Kurds". The Pittsburgh Press. Tehran. UPI. 2 September 1979. Retrieved 8 August 2013.
  19. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Kurds claim town siege". The Palm Beach Post. 17 August 1979. Retrieved 8 August 2013.[permanent dead link]
  20. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Sepehr Zabir (23 April 2012). The Iranian Military in Revolution and War (RLE Iran D). CRC Press. p. 277. ISBN 978-1-136-81270-5.
  21. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Gregory F. Rose (Spring–Summer 1984). "The Post-Revolutionary Purge of Iran's Armed Forces: A Revisionist Assessment". Iranian Studies. 17 (2–3): 153–194. doi:10.1080/00210868408701627. JSTOR 4310440.
  22. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Bahman Baktiari (1996). Parliamentary Politics in Revolutionary Iran: The Institutionalization of Factional Politics. University Press of Florida. p. 79. ISBN 978-0-8130-1461-6. Retrieved 27 July 2013.
  23. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Khomenei's hard-liners triumph". The Spokesman Review. Associated Press. May 1980. Retrieved 4 August 2013.
  24. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Iranian Guerrilla Leader Is Killed in the War Zone". The New York Times. 22 June 1981. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 27 February 2026.
  25. ^ Bernard Reich, Political Leaders of the Contemporary Middle East and North Africa p.466
  26. ^ Daniel Brumberg, Reinventing Khomeini p.272
  27. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Houchang Chehabi; Rula Jurdi Abisaab (2 April 2006). Distant Relations. I.B.Tauris. p. 208. ISBN 978-1-86064-561-7. Retrieved 19 February 2013.
  28. ^ Houchang E. Chehabi, Iranian Politics and Religious Modernism p.293
  29. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.John H. Lorentz (1 April 2010). The A to Z of Iran. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 69. ISBN 978-0-8108-7638-5.
  30. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Manouchehr Ganji (2002). Defying the Iranian Revolution: From a Minister to the Shah to a Leader of Resistance. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 109. ISBN 978-0-275-97187-8. Retrieved 1 August 2013.
  31. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Augustus R. Norton (19 January 2009). Hezbollah: A Short History. Princeton University Press. p. 30. ISBN 978-0-691-14107-7.
  32. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Tamsen Keyston to Wed in Moslem Ceremony". The San Francisco Examiner. 27 May 1961. p. 9.
  33. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Family Pool Claims Life of Young Boy". Contra Costa Times. Vol. 58, no. 158. 9 September 1973. p. 8.
  34. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Mostafa Chamran's Lebanon converted into Arabic". Iran Book News Agency. 12 December 2012. Retrieved 4 August 2013.
  35. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Shaery-Eisenlohr, Roschanack (2008). "Shi'ite Lebanon: Transnational Religion and the Making of National Identities" (PDF). Columbia University Press. p. 102.
  36. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.M. Esfandiari; P. Gyulai; M. Rabieh; A. Seraj; L. Ronkay (2013). "Anagnorisma chamrani sp. n. (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) from Iran". ZooKeys (317): 17–25. Bibcode:2013ZooK..317...17G. doi:10.3897/zookeys.317.5515. PMC 3744136. PMID 23950668.
  37. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."New Anagnorisma Moth Species from Beautiful Binaloud Mountain Iran". Science Daily. 17 July 2013. Retrieved 8 August 2013.
  38. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Martyr Chamran's biography book unveiled". Taqrib News. 20 June 2012. Retrieved 4 August 2013.
  39. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Book on lifestyle of Iranian veteran Chamran published in UK". Tehran Times. Tehran. 10 July 2013. Archived from the original on 6 December 2013. Retrieved 8 August 2013.
  40. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."The Story Of The Life Of Mostafa Chamran With English Subtitles". Youtube. 6 January 2023. Retrieved 25 October 2023.
  41. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Director Mirkarimi animations to be screened", IRNA English, 9 August 2014, retrieved 25 October 2023

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