Muqaddam

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Template:Short description

Page Module:Message box/ambox.css has no content.

Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Sidebar/configuration' not found. Script error: No such module "Lang". (Template:Langx) is an Arabic title, adopted in other Islamic or Islamicate cultures, for various civil or religious officials.

As per the Persian records of medieval India, muqaddams, along with khots and chowdhurys, acted as hereditary rural intermediaries between the state and the peasantry.[1] Originating during the Delhi Sultanate, the earliest known reference to the muqaddami system dates from the first decades of the 13th century, when Hasan Nizami wrote of a delegation of muqaddams offering gifts to Sultan Qutb ud-Din Aibak.[2] Muqaddams were tasked with revenue collection in the areas under their jurisdiction, for which they received either 2.5% as remuneration or rent-free land equalling that amount.[3] The socio-economic status of muqaddams varied over time; during the revenue reforms of Alauddin Khalji, many were impoverished due to the abolition of their traditional privileges. However, in other periods the muqaddams "were prosperous enough to ride on costly Arabi and Iraqi horses, wear fine clothes, and behave like members of the upper classes".[4] Over time, muqaddams and chowdhurys took on the characteristics of landed gentry in their respective localities, with some even attaining the status of Zamindars during the Mughal period.[5] Muqaddams could be dispossessed of their status by the state.[6]

In the Tijaniyyah, Shadhiliyyah, Rahmaniyyah, and other Sufi orders, a Script error: No such module "Lang". is a student of the Sufi path (a murid or dervish) who has been authorized by his/her Guide (aka shaikh, pir, or murshid) to assist in teaching the path to other students.

In Lebanon, the Script error: No such module "Lang".s were the political leaders of their religious community. The last muqaddams disappeared in the beginning of the 17th century.[7]

Military use

In the militaries of several Arab nations, Script error: No such module "Lang". is equivalent to the Anglophone ranks of lieutenant colonel, commander and wing commander, depending on the service branch.

Army Navy Air Force
Algerian People's National Armed Forces[8] File:11.AlgA-LTC.svg File:11.AlgNF-CDR.svg File:11.AlgAF-LTC.svg
French Script error: No such module "Lang".
Bahrain Defence Force File:09.RBLF-LTC.svg File:09.RBNF-LTC.svg File:09.RBAF-LTC.svg
Egyptian Armed Forces[9] File:Egypt Army - OF04.svg File:Egypt Navy - OF04.svg File:Egypt Air Force - OF04.svg
Iraqi Armed Forces File:IraqArmyRankInsignia-7.png File:IraqNavyRankInsignia-7.png File:IRQAF Muqaddam (LtC).svg
Jordanian Armed Forces[10] File:12. JLF-LTC.svg File:Blank.svg File:12. JAF-LTC.svg
Kuwait Military Forces File:11. KLF-LTC.svg File:11. KNF-LTC.svg File:11. KAF-LTC.svg
Lebanese Armed Forces[11] File:17.LAF-LTC.svg
Libyan Armed Forces File:Libya-Army-OF-4.svg File:Generic-Navy-O5.svg File:10.Libyan Air Force-LTC.svg
Armed Forces of Mauritania[12] File:Mauritania-Army-OF-4.svg File:Mauritania-Navy-OF-4.svg File:Mauritania-AirForce-OF-4.svg
Variant Script error: No such module "Lang".
Script error: No such module "Lang".
Sultan of Oman's Armed Forces File:12.RAO-LTC.svg File:12.RNO-CDR.svg File:12.RAFO-LTC.svg
Palestinian National Security Forces[13] File:Moqaddim (PLA OF-4).gif Template:Screen reader-only Template:Screen reader-only
Qatar Armed Forces File:11. QELF-LTC.svg File:11. QENF-LTC.svg File:11. QEAF-LTC.svg
Armed Forces of Saudi Arabia[14] File:13.RSA-LTC.svg File:Generic-Navy-O5.svg File:12.RSAF-LTC.svg
Sudanese Armed Forces[15] File:Sudan Army - OF04.svg File:Sudan Navy - OF04.svg File:Sudan Air Force - OF04.svg
Syrian Armed Forces[16] File:Syria Army - OF04.svg File:Syria Navy - OF04.svg File:Syria Air Force - OF04.svg
Tunisian Armed Forces[17] File:Grade Terre tunisienne O5.png File:Generic-Navy-O5.svg File:Grade Terre tunisienne O5.png
Variant Script error: No such module "Lang".
Script error: No such module "Lang".
French Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "Lang".
United Arab Emirates Armed Forces File:10-UAEA-LTC.svg File:10-UAEN-LTC.svg File:10-UAEAF-LTC.svg
Republic of Yemen Armed Forces File:Yemen-Army-OF-4.svg File:10.YN-CMDR.svg File:10.YAF-LTC.svg

References

Page Template:Reflist/styles.css has no content.

  1. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Reza Huseini, Said (2021), The Muqaddam Represented in the pre-Mongol Persian Documents from Ghur, Edinburgh University Press, p. 92
  2. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Reza Huseini, Said (2021), The Muqaddam Represented in the pre-Mongol Persian Documents from Ghur, Edinburgh University Press, p. 92
  3. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Nageshrao Chitnis, Krishnaji (2003), Medieval Indian History, Atlantic, p. 163, ISBN 9788171560622
  4. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Chandra, Satish (2007), History of Medieval India (PDF), Orient Blackswan, p. 141
  5. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Grover, B.R. (1965), "Nature of Dehat-I-Taaluqa (Zamindari Villages) and the Evolution of the Taaluqdari System During the Mughal Age", The Indian Economic & Social History Review, 2 (2): 166, doi:10.1177/001946466400200204, S2CID 220781506
  6. ^ Habib, Irfan: The Agrarian System of Mughal India, Oxford University Press, 2004, Template:ISBN, pp. 160–161.
  7. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Salibi, Kamal (1968), "The muqaddams of Bšarrī: Maronite chieftains of the Northern Lebanon 1382-1621", Arabica, 15 (1), Brill: 86, doi:10.1163/157005868X00280, JSTOR 4056124
  8. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Ranks". mdn.dz. Ministry of National Defence (Algeria). Retrieved 30 May 2021.
  9. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Ranks of Military Officers". mod.gov.eg. Ministry of Defense (Egypt). Retrieved 30 May 2021.
  10. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."رتب الضباط" [Officer ranks]. jaf.mil.jo/ (in العربية). Jordanian Armed Forces. Retrieved 12 June 2021.
  11. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."الرتب العسكرية". lebarmy.gov.lb (in العربية). Lebanese Armed Forces. Retrieved 3 June 2021.
  12. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."رتب الضباط" [Officer ranks]. armee.mr/ (in العربية). Armed Forces of Mauritania. 22 November 2012. Retrieved 10 June 2021.
  13. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."الرتب العسكرية". nsf.ps (in العربية). Palestinian National Security Forces. Archived from the original on 4 April 2020. Retrieved 1 June 2021.
  14. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Saudi Arabian ranks" (PDF). country-data.com. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 April 2012. Retrieved 16 July 2021.
  15. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."الرتب العسكرية" [Military ranks]. mod.gov.sd/ (in العربية). Republic of Sudan Ministry of Defence. Archived from the original on 19 November 2019. Retrieved 1 July 2021.
  16. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."شعار الرأس" [Main logo]. mod.gov.sy (in العربية). Ministry of Defence (Syria). Retrieved 12 October 2021.
  17. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Les grades des officers de la marine". emam.defense.tn (in français). Ministry of Defence (Tunisia). Retrieved 10 June 2021.

Template:Sufism terminology Lua error in mw.title.lua at line 404: bad argument #2 to 'title.new' (unrecognized namespace name 'Portal'). Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Authority control/config' not found.

Retrieved from "https://cosmopedia.co/index.php?title=Muqaddam&oldid=2400742"