Neolecta
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Neolecta is a genus of ascomycetous fungi. The species share the English designation "Earth tongues" along with some better-known fungi (e.g. Geoglossum, Microglossum) with a similar general form, but in fact they are only distantly related.
Neolecta is the only genus belonging to the family Neolectaceae, which is the only family belonging to the order Neolectales. Neolectales, in turn, is the only order belonging to the class Neolectomycetes, which belongs to the subdivision Taphrinomycotina of the Ascomycota.[4]
Description
Fruiting bodies take the shape of unbranched to lobed bright yellowish, orangish to pale yellow-green colored, club-shaped, smooth, fleshy columns up to about 7 centimetres (3 inches) tall.[3][5]
Neolecta fruitbodies consist of hyphae and a hymenium. The hymenium lacks paraphyses and the asci lack croziers, which makes the genus distinctive among other earth-tongues.[3][5] Neolecta vitellina forms masses of conidia by budding, hinting at the possibility that it also produces a yeast state.[3]
Similar species
Species of the genus may resemble those of Clavulinopsis and Spathularia.[6]
Taxonomy and genomics
Neolecta does not have any close relatives. Phylogenetically, it clusters weakly with a bizarre group of basal Ascomycota[4][7] including: Taphrina, a dimorphic, half yeast, half filamentous genus parasitic on leaves, branches, and catkins; Schizosaccharomyces, a genus of fission yeasts (e.g. Schizosaccharomyces pombe); and Pneumocystis, a yeast-like genus of mammalian parasites that can infect humans. To date, the genus has been unculturable, suggesting it is either parasitic or symbiotic. It provides important evidence for the evolutionary history of the Ascomycota and has been called a living fossil.[8]
The genome of N. irregularis has been sequenced.[9] Sequence analysis has revealed that rudimentary multicellularity is deeply rooted in the Ascomycota.
Distribution and habitat
Neolecta is found in Asia, Northern Europe, North America, and southern Brazil.[5] The species all live in association with trees, and at least one, N. vitellina, grows from the rootlets of the host plant,[10] but it is not known whether this fungal genus is parasitic, saprotrophic, or mutualistic.[5] All species of Neolecta are said to be edible.[3]
References
Page Template:Reflist/styles.css has no content.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Eriksson OE, Winka K (1997). "Supraordinal taxa of Ascomycota". Myconet. 1: 1–16.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Landvik S.; et al. (1993). "Relationships of the genus Neolecta (Neolectales ordo nov., Ascomycotina) inferred from 18S rDNA sequences" (PDF). Systema Ascomycetum. 11: 114.
- ^ a b c d e Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Redhead SA (1977). "The genus Neolecta (Neolectaceae fam. nov., Lecanorales, Ascomycetes) in Canada". Canadian Journal of Botany. 55 (3): 301–6. doi:10.1139/b77-041.
- ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Lutzoni F, Kauff F, Cox CJ, McLaughlin D, Celio G, Dentinger B, Padamsee M, Hibbett D, James TY, Baloch E, Grube M, Reeb V, Hofstetter V, Schoch C, Arnold AE, Miadlikowska J, Spatafora J, Johnson D, Hambleton S, Crockett M, Shoemaker R, Sung GH, Lücking R, Lumbsch T, O'Donnell K, Binder M, Diederich P, Ertz D, Gueidan C, Hansen K, Harris RC, Hosaka K, Lim YW, Matheny B, Nishida H, Pfister D, Rogers J, Rossman A, Schmitt I, Sipman H, Stone J, Sugiyama J, Yahr R, Vilgalys R (2004). "Assembling the fungal tree of life: progress, classification, and evolution of subcellular traits". American Journal of Botany. 91 (10): 1446–80. doi:10.3732/ajb.91.10.1446. PMID 21652303.
- ^ a b c d Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Landvik S, Schumacher TK, Eriksson OE, Moss ST (2003). "Morphology and ultrastructure of Neolecta species". Mycological Research. 107 (9): 1021–31. doi:10.1017/S0953756203008219. PMID 14563128.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Audubon (2023). Mushrooms of North America. New York: Knopf. p. 22. ISBN 978-0-593-31998-7.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Landvik S. (1996). "Neolecta, a fruit-body-producing genus of the basal ascomycetes, as shown by SSU and LSU rDNA sequences". Mycological Research. 100 (2): 199–202. doi:10.1016/S0953-7562(96)80122-5.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Landvik S, Eriksson E, Berbee ML (2001). "Neolecta—a fungal dinosaur? Evidence from β-tubulin amino acid sequences". Mycologia. 93 (6). Mycological Society of America: 1151–63. doi:10.2307/3761675. JSTOR 3761675.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Nguyen, T.A.; Cisse, O.H.; Yun Wong, J.; Zheng, P.; Hewitt, D.; Nowrousian, M.; Stajich, J.E.; Jedd, G. (2017). "Innovation and constraint leading to complex multicellularity in the Ascomycota". Nat Commun. 8 14444. Bibcode:2017NatCo...814444N. doi:10.1038/ncomms14444. PMC 5309816. PMID 28176784.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Redhead SA (1979). "Mycological observations: 1, on Cristulariella; 2, on Valdensinia; 3, on Neolecta". Mycologia. 71 (6). Mycological Society of America: 1248–53. doi:10.2307/3759112. JSTOR 3759112.
External links
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- George Barron's mushroom illustrations
- Palaeos "Introduction to the Ascomycota"
- The Oregon Coalition of Interdisciplinary Databases: "Archiascomycetes: Early Diverging Ascomycetes"
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