Neutronium

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Neutronium (or element zero) is a hypothetical substance made purely of neutrons. The word was coined by scientist Andreas von Antropoff in 1926 (before the 1932 discovery of the neutron) for the hypothetical "element of atomic number zero" (with no protons in its nucleus) that he placed at the head of the periodic table (denoted by -).[1][2]

Hypothetical multi-neutrons

The term "neutronium" was coined in 1926 by Andreas von Antropoff for a conjectured form of matter made up of neutrons with no protons or electrons, which he placed as the chemical element of atomic number zero at the head of his new version of the periodic table.[1] It was subsequently placed in the middle of several spiral representations of the periodic system for classifying the chemical elements, such as those of Charles Janet (1928), Edgar Emerson (1944),[3][4] and John D. Clark (1950).

The term is not used in the scientific literature either for a condensed form of matter, or as an element, and theoretical analysis expects no bound forms of neutrons without protons.[5]

Scattering resonances with multiple neutrons

The dineutron, containing two neutrons, is not a stable bound particle, but an extremely short-lived resonance state produced by nuclear reactions in the decay of beryllium-16. Evidence reported in 2012 for the resonance[6][7] was disputed,[8] but new work reportedly clears up the issues.[9]

The dineutron hypothesis had been used in theoretical studies of the structure of exotic nuclei. For example 11Li is modeled as a dineutron bound to a 9Li core.[10][11] A system made up of only two neutrons is not bound, though the attraction between them is very nearly enough to make them so.[12] This has some consequences on nucleosynthesis and the abundance of the chemical elements.[10][13]

A trineutron state consisting of three neutrons has not been detected, and is not expected to be bound.[14]

A tetraneutron is a hypothetical particle consisting of four bound neutrons. Reports of its existence have not been replicated.[15][16]

Calculations indicate that the hypothetical pentaneutron state, consisting of a cluster of five neutrons, would not be bound.[17]

See also

References

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  1. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.von Antropoff, A. (1926). "Eine neue Form des periodischen Systems der Elemente". Zeitschrift für Angewandte Chemie (in Deutsch). 39 (23): 722–725. Bibcode:1926AngCh..39..722V. doi:10.1002/ange.19260392303.
  2. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Stewart, P. J. (2007). "A century on from Dmitrii Mendeleev: Tables and spirals, noble gases and Nobel prizes". Foundations of Chemistry. 9 (3): 235–245. doi:10.1007/s10698-007-9038-x. S2CID 97131841.
  3. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Emerson, Edgar I. (1944). "A new spiral form of the periodic table". Journal of Chemical Education. 21 (3): 111. Bibcode:1944JChEd..21..111E. doi:10.1021/ed021p111.
  4. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Emerson, Edgar I. (1944). "A chart based on atomic numbers showing the electronic structure of the elements". Journal of Chemical Education. 21 (5): 254. Bibcode:1944JChEd..21..254E. doi:10.1021/ed021p254.
  5. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Timofeyuk, N. K. (2003). "Do multineutrons exist?". Journal of Physics G. 29 (2): L9. arXiv:nucl-th/0301020. Bibcode:2003JPhG...29L...9T. doi:10.1088/0954-3899/29/2/102. S2CID 2847145.
  6. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Schirber, M. (2012). "Nuclei Emit Paired-up Neutrons". Physics. 5 30. Bibcode:2012PhyOJ...5...30S. doi:10.1103/Physics.5.30.
  7. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Spyrou, A.; Kohley, Z.; Baumann, T.; Bazin, D.; et al. (2012). "First Observation of Ground State Dineutron Decay: 16Be". Physical Review Letters. 108 (10) 102501. Bibcode:2012PhRvL.108j2501S. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.108.102501. OSTI 1104191. PMID 22463404.
  8. ^ Marqués, F. M., Orr, N. A., Achouri, N. L., Delaunay, F., & Gibelin, J. (2012). Comment on "First Observation of Ground State Dineutron Decay: Be 16". Physical Review Letters, 109(23), 239201.
  9. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Monteagudo, B.; Marqués, F. M.; Gibelin, J.; Orr, N. A.; Corsi, A.; Kubota, Y.; Casal, J.; Gómez-Camacho, J.; Authelet, G.; Baba, H.; Caesar, C.; Calvet, D.; Delbart, A.; Dozono, M.; Feng, J. (2024-02-23). "Mass, Spectroscopy, and Two-Neutron Decay of $^{16}\mathrm{Be}$" (PDF). Physical Review Letters. 132 (8) 082501. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.132.082501. OSTI 2473832. PMID 38457706.
  10. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Bertulani, C. A.; Canto, L. F.; Hussein, M. S. (1993). "The Structure And Reactions Of Neutron-Rich Nuclei" (PDF). Physics Reports. 226 (6): 281–376. Bibcode:1993PhR...226..281B. doi:10.1016/0370-1573(93)90128-Z. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-09-28.
  11. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Hagino, K.; Sagawa, H.; Nakamura, T.; Shimoura, S. (2009). "Two-particle correlations in continuum dipole transitions in Borromean nuclei". Physical Review C. 80 (3): 1301. arXiv:0904.4775. Bibcode:2009PhRvC..80c1301H. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.80.031301. S2CID 119293335.
  12. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.MacDonald, J.; Mullan, D. J. (2009). "Big Bang Nucleosynthesis: The Strong Nuclear Force meets the Weak Anthropic Principle". Physical Review D. 80 (4): 3507. arXiv:0904.1807. Bibcode:2009PhRvD..80d3507M. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.80.043507. S2CID 119203730.
  13. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Kneller, J. P.; McLaughlin, G. C. (2004). "The Effect of Bound Dineutrons upon BBN". Physical Review D. 70 (4): 3512. arXiv:astro-ph/0312388. Bibcode:2004PhRvD..70d3512K. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.70.043512. S2CID 119060865.
  14. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Li, J. G.; Michel, N.; Hu, B. S.; Zuo, W.; Xu, F. R. (2019). "Ab initio no-core Gamow shell-model calculations of multineutron systems". Physical Review C. 100 (5) 054313. arXiv:1911.06485. Bibcode:2019PhRvC.100e4313L. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.100.054313.
  15. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Bertulani, C. A.; Zelevinsky, V. (2003). "Is the tetraneutron a bound dineutron-dineutron molecule?". Journal of Physics G. 29 (10): 2431–2437. arXiv:nucl-th/0212060. Bibcode:2003JPhG...29.2431B. doi:10.1088/0954-3899/29/10/309. S2CID 55535943.
  16. ^ "Tetra-Neutron Experiment: Understanding of Nuclear Forces Might Have To Be Significantly Changed". Script error: No such module "webarchive".. SciTechDaily, December 12, 2021. Technical University of Munich (TUM)
  17. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Bevelacqua, J. J. (1981). "Particle stability of the pentaneutron". Physics Letters B. 102 (2–3): 79–80. Bibcode:1981PhLB..102...79B. doi:10.1016/0370-2693(81)91033-9.

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